Interpersonal interactions in health Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal interactions in health EssayLanguage Barrier/ Overwhelming Language.Mrs Singh and her married man articulate minimal English. This would firstly be a barrier between the MDT staff present at the meeting and themselves. The MDT team atomic number 18 using jargon and humongous words that neither Mrs Singh nor her husband ass understand because of their lack of English language. They would have to try and guess what was being tell through body language, nervus facialis expressions and tone of voice. What is being said piece of tail be completely misunderstood and can make the situation a lot worse. In this scenario a voice would have been effective in breaking the barrier between Mrs Singh, her husband and the doctors. The doctors are non including Mrs Singh and her husband in the conversation or checking that what is being said is understood by them. They are not using open questions to confirm their understanding. This is not a good feeling for them to be f eeling and means that it has not been communicated effectively. Without the translator or the doctors making sure they understand, Mrs Singh and her husband will be feeling precise confused and nervous.Tone/Speed of ConversationThe MDT team postulate to understand that not everything that is being said is being interpreted correctly and this conversation is not effective because of their lack of thought. When explaining and trying to organise the discharge piece of ground for Mrs Singh, it is quite clear that she does not understand what is being explained and discussed because of the bewildered look on her and her husbands face. The MDT team need to slow down what they are saying and need to be clearer with explaining the package. They willneed to be patient because it will take Mrs Singh longer to understand what is being said because of the language barrier. at once again they will also need to ask open questions to solidify that Mrs Singh understands what is being said. As a team they will need to give Mrs Singh and her husband time to respond to the discussion and have a chance to ask question if theyre needed (which they should know). Tones of voice needs to be thought approximately as well because this is how Mrs Singh would try and interpret what is being said because she wont understand the language clearly.The EnvironmentThe main problem with where and when it was held in the public, guard day room at lunch time. The fact that it was in a public place is not helpful or ideal to the situation because it was very busy and not private or personal at all. It was also done at lunchtime, where the people involved in the conversation would most liable(predicate) be hungry so would not be concentrating well and get distracted and this would not be helpful or best for the situation. The fact that at that place are a lot of people at the meeting (7 MDT team members and Mrs Singh and her husband) would usually be helpful because the more people, the mor e helpful it can be to the patient but the fact there was a lot of people in such a crowded situation makes it very overwhelming and can be unhelpful and intimidating.Because it was held at lunchtime, it was very noisy and the background noise was very distracting and unsettling. Not being able to hear made the ward concur raise her voice which is very scary for Mrs Singh seeing as she doesnt understand what is being said anyway. The fact that her voice had to be raised can also make Mrs Singh feel that there may be something wrong and if you cannot understand the language, you listen to the tone of voice and figure out what is trying to be explained so if they are shouting it creates a negative environment.

Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction Essay

Types Of warms And Tendering Process Construction EssayA tender can be said as an offer to do subject field or supply goods at a fixed de landmarkine. Initiating step of a tendering forge in which qualified asseverators are invited to stir sealed bids for construction or for supply of specific and cl earliest defined goods or services during a undertake timeframe. The tender process is throwed to realize that the grow to be done for leaf node/government is given out in a fair way. For example in Malaysia, there are a number of policies known as procurement policies which guide government of Malaysia on how to influence ends on which tender to accept. Although price is really important in the end on which tender or bid to accept, it is non the only factor taken into account.Once lymph gland/government accepts a tender, it is binding on both parties. This means that the person or company that won the tender has to provide the goods or services in the manner agreed to and at the price offered, and client/government must pay the agreed price at the agreed time. In other words, once accepted, a tender is a binding contract.2.2 Types of tenderingWhen let out about tendering, it is involved some kind of complicated process and procedure. Before any tendering process can be done, professional team and employer must make sure all necessary tender documents have been prepared, checked and approved. The source of the funding also must have been identified and the externalise financing amaze in place. The procedures for subsequent stages should have been established with the express consent of the employer to ensure the tendering process testament go smoothly.What types of tendering that employer want to choose is depends on nature of contract, complexness of the construction, expertise needed and several reasons. But usually for the government project all over the world, is tend to make open tender to ensure the procurement and whole kit to be done in fairly manner without prejudice. As the investigator mention before, open tender is one of the types of tendering that parking lotly designd in this world. Actually there are several types of tender including open tender, selective tender, negotiated tender, serial tender and term tendering.2.2.1 Open tenderOpen tendering is the main tendering procedures active by both the government and private sector. The client advertises the tender offer in the local publisher giving detail and key information of the proposed turn tails and inviting interested contractile organ to tender. In the legal sense such tender notices constitute invitation to treat, a mere request by the employer for suitable contractor to have their bids or offers.If the pre-requisite to tendering on the form of possession of the necessary registration has been identified in the tender notice, then the advertisement is directed to only that particular disunite of the public having the said qualifications. In order to reduce number of enquiries, earnest money is deposited (for private project). Until the receipt of a bone fide tender selected then it result be returned. Although price is real important in the decision on which tender or bid to accept, it is not the only factor taken into account. node does not bind to accept the lowest or any offer. The advantages and disadvantages of open tender are stated belowAdvantagesDisadvantagesIt allows any interested contractor to tender. whence it gives opportunity for an unknown contractor to compete for the work.The tender numerate can be long as too many contractors tendering for one job.Allowing the tender list to be made without bias. Client lead obtain the bargain possible. No favouritism in selecting contractors.Uneconomic use of source.Ensuring good competition not induce to accept any offers.Public accountability may be questioned if the lowest offer is not accepted.Traditional method of tendering, familiar to all sector of the plan and construction intentness.Does not attract reputable and established contractor unless they are forced to, due to lack of work.selective tenderSelective tendering is the one alternatives unquestionable to address the limitations of the open tendering procedure. In this method, a short list of contractor is drawn up and they are invited to submit tenders. The purpose of the elective tendering are to purify the quality of the bids accepted, to ensure that contractors with the necessary experience and competence are given the opportunity to submit the necessary bids, due to urgency work involved, for specific reasons of the employer, eg security system reasons in government projects. etc. and to make the tendering procedure more manageable and less a burden on the parties involved. Such list may be prepared through recommendation from the Clients professional adviser whom have knowledge of the Contractors undertaking the work in the past or advertisement through the newsp aper (prequalification). The advantages and disadvantages of the selective tendering are stated below.AdvantagesDisadvantagesOnly the competent contactors were invited to tender, then the lowest can be accepted.Reduces the availability of work for other contractors e peculiar(prenominal)ly new contractors.It trim down the cost of tendering (economic use of resources, reduced tender documentation, shorter tender periods, better management of the tender process, etc.)Tender Price may invariably higher than would have been in open tendering.Greater chance of collusion.Tendering period longer because it involved two distinct stages.Favoritisms may occur in the short listing.Two Stage Selective TenderTwo stage selective tendering combined elements of competition and negotiation into a formula where the employer could utilize the contractors expertise at an early stage of the project cycle so as to maximize innovation, ingenuity and quality and simultaneously optimize cost, time and reso urce input. A contractor is selected competitively early in the design process. The tender documents contain approximately quantities of the major value items. As design and planning proceed, the final tender is developed from cost and priced data supplied with the sign tender. Two stage selective tendering was very popular in developed countries. It was different from selective tendering because has two (2) distinct stages namelySelection of suitable contractorThis involves the selection of a suitable contractor and the establishment of a level of price for subsequent negotiations.The objective is to select suitable contractor as early as possible is to work together with the professional team and to establish a level of determine for subsequent negotiation.The criteria for short listing is normally hold in to items such as technical and financial capability, experience in similar works and extent of resources (manpower, plant and equipment).The pricing document should be flexib le comme il faut to cater for adjustment of price fluctuation for the period between two stages and the pricing of the second stage.In selecting a suitable candi construe, a bottom for pricing the subsequent second stage should be established accordingly.Determination of Contract PriceOnce a suitable contractor is selected, he get out work together with the project team start contributing to the pre contract process in his capacity as unbiased but independent construction expert. This contractor will contribute the followingContribution as a Technical Advisor to the Design ProcessPractical Skills and BuildabilityMinimization of Project DelayDuring this stage, a negotiation to reach an accordance on the final contract price is undertaken and the pre contract process is perfected.If no agreement being reached, the employer has an option to abandon the tendering effect and re-tender the works using any other tendering procedure.The application of two stage selective tendering migh t be appropriate where the works are a very complicated nature, where at the time of selection of the contractor, the magnitude of the work may not be known with sufficient certainty and where it is an essential pre-requisite for works to be finished by an early completion date. Table below are some advantages and disadvantage of two stages selective tendering.AdvantagesDisadvantagesBenefit of the contractors expertise in buildability, medical specialist knowledge in proprietry systems, project scheduling, etc resulting in value for money.Its application requires a high level of familiarity and commitment on the part of employers and contractors.Early commencement of work at site even when the magnitude of the works is not known with sufficient certainty at the time of site possession.Owing to a relatively smaller element of competition, but on the other hand higher negotiations content, the tender process is relatively more expensive and longer than other common procedures.Saving s of time due to the overlap of the design and tendering stage.Should the second stage be deadlocked or result in no acceptable agreement being reached, the tender process has to be initiated all over again, albeit, through a different route. This incurs a time and cost penalty to the project as a whole.The procedure utilizes the best aspects of both competition and negotiation to arrive at the most favourable arrangement at an optimum firm price before work commences.This procedures requires a high level of commitment, integrity and good faith on the part of both sides which sadly is usually lacking, hence the seeming becomeures encountered to date.Since the contractor is part of the project team at a very stage of the project, this results in better communication and information flow.Generally there will be fewer claims and disputes in the post contract award stage due to the contractors involvement at the design / pre contract stage. Experience has shows that the contractor has a clearer under rest of the requirements and a better appreciation of the intricacies of the design and contract documentations.Negotiation TenderNegotiation tendering is extensively used in the engineering and construction industry commencing from tendering till dispute resolutions, i.e. under the styles of pre-contract negotiations and post contract negotiations. Usually with single contractor but may be up to three contractors. Negotiation process involves are as followsIdentification by the employer of a suitable contractor to negotiate with. The contractor can be selected either from the employers own list of preferences or on the advice of the professional team.The contractor being apprised of the workscope.The selected contractor is issued with details such as the scope of work involved, relevant drawings, design and /or information to change him to appreciate the extents of obligations and the employers actual needs. Some employers prepare and issue to the contractor prope r tender documents inclusive of a nominated bills of quantities to assist contractor in pricing the works for the forthcoming negotiations. Negotiations can be applied to the following type of contractIn Partnering type of contracts under the so called win-win formula.Where the employer has a long term business relationship with the contractor.In situations where the parties are in a relationships of holding and subsidiary companies.Where the contractor is involved in the financing of the project.In situations where the employer finds it advantages to employ the uniform contractor to continue an initial or existing contract for the new worksWhere there is a pressing need to have a very early start of work on the site and to complete the works on a fast tract basis.In special circumstances e.g. earnest reasons, emergencies etc where it is expedient to secure the services of a particular contractor only.Where there is only a single contractor who is the only one available or with et her the special skill or resources to carry out the particular works.The employers resources are either limited or constrained thereby making the use of the other tendering impractical.AdvantagesDisadvantagesOnly reputable contractor are invited for negotiation.The cost work is likely higher than competitive tender.The Contractor can contribute his expertise during design stage.Reduces the availability of work for other contractors.Early Commencement of work on site. It shortens the period involved in appointing the contractor.Should the negotiations be deadlock or prove last unsuccessful, this causes wastage of valuable resources on both sides and loss of time for the employer, thereby delaying the overall selection of suitable contractor.Reduce risk of failureBest alternatives for the employer to adopt is special circumstances such as emergencies, security reasons and etc.Experience has shows that contracts let out this basis result in fewer disputes and claims during the constru ction stage.Term TenderTerm tendering normally used on major maintenance projects. It may be awarded to a contractor to cover a range of different buildings in different locations. It is often limited to a fixed time scale, although the needs of the client may often require this to be extended. It is like a standing offer to undertake a loosely defined extends of work usually within a fixed time period. The type of work is usually specified and priced in a schedule of rates. The contractor will initially be offered the work to cover a number of different trades usually on the basis of prices contained in a schedule prepared by the client.Where the client supplies the rates for the work, the contractors are given the option of quoting a percentage addition or significance from these rates depending upon their desire to win the project. The contractor offering the most advantageous percentage to the client will then be awarded the contract. An indication of the amount of work expecte d over the specified period of time will assist the contractors in the consideration of the percentage to be quoted.2.3 Conventional Tendering ProcessAs the researcher mentioned before, this chapter will focus on conventional tender while the next chapter will focus on electronic tendering. Therefore readers will see all the way background on conventional tendering and electronic tendering. Conventional tendering process will involve pre-tender stage, tender advertisement stage, closing of tender, tender opening process, tender rating process and finally tender award.2.3.1 Pre-tender StageAt pre-tender stage, when the clients have an idea, client will appoint consultant to discuss further about the project. Consultant will do their job, advising, managing the tender and contract, and also transfer the idea into the drawing. At this stage client and consultants will brainstorming about the scope, time to complete and budget that client willing to allocate. Researcher believes that pre-tender stage is most crucial matter because it will initiate the next step of a project. If the pre-tender stage is failed, the project will not successfully complete.2.3.2 Tender AdvertisementTender advertisement also called tender notice. The conventional tender notice will advertise in local newspaper. In tender notice, basic requirement should be appearing areTitle of the project.Class of contractor, head and subhead needed.Location, date, and time to obtain the tender document.Fees for tender document.Location, date and time for submission of tender doc.2.3.3 Closing of TenderIn tender notice will mention the time and date of tender closing process. If the contractors fail to submit their bids within specific time and date, it considers the contractors refuse to bid for the tender. At that time also tender validity period is started. At this period, contractors can claim back their bids if they are no more interested to fight for the tender. Consultant use this period to m ake assessment and rating each of the offers.2.3.4 Tender theory and Evaluation ProcessQuantity surveyors usually will handle tender opening process. In order to preserve the integrity of the competitive process, it is imperative that the evaluation of proposals is undertaken objectively, consistently and without bias towards particular suppliers. Tenders are usually evaluated against a pre-determined set of criteria. The evaluation of the tenders shall be prepared the soonest possible after the tender opening. A report prepared by the Quantity Surveyor will describe the findings of the said evaluation and it will be supported by tables and graphs. In the end, the Quantity Surveyor will recommend which tenderer, who in his opinion, is the most suitable to undertake to execute the project.2.3.5 Tender AwardAn evaluation team will examine each tender received and make recommendations as to which tender represents best value for money. Once the contract has been awarded, both the suc cessful and unsuccessful tenderers will be notified. Once the final decision has been made on the tender award, the tender administrator creates the tender results notification which is in letter form, and then sent to all participating contractors.

Cultural Differences And The European Union Politics Essay

Cultural Differences And The European nitty-gritty Politics EssayThe focalize of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes a kingdom is what we call culture. Cultural differences admit always existed betwixt friends and families, but when it comes to countries their integration and relations crapper get a petty messy.The European sum of money has always been jockeyn non only by its political and scotch fusion, but as well as as a very respective(a) cultural union between countries. But when it comes to Turkeys integration to this conglomeration of states, cultural lines live with take to be a sensitive barrier preventing their fully incorporation.This problem ranges from Turkeys non-European geographical location, its large and poor population involveing the European Unions financial budget to its different and mixed culture compared to the Christian-based EUs culture.Turkey is the only pluralist secular re frequent in the Moslem concepti on and has always attached great importance to developing its relations with other European countries. Turkish culture has had a punishing impact over much of Eastern and Southern Europe becoming the bridge connecting to different continents, Europe and Asia. Therefore the uncertainty simplifies to until what extend does Turkeys culture affect its access to the European Union?The European Union and its new membersThe European Union is a coalition of twenty-seven independent states based on the European Communities and founded to enhance political, economic and social co-operation. This union aims peace, prosperity and freedom for its 948 million citizens in a fairer and safer world. EU also aims to create a new economic growth based on regional specialties and the rich diversity of traditions and cultures. Unity is strength the process of integration has non smothered the different ways of life, traditions and cultures of its peoples (Europa, 2010). The close important objectiv es of the EU are to establish European citizenship, guarantee freedom, security and justice, encourage economic and social progress and affirm Europes utilisation in the world.Its integration consists of most of Western Europes countries, being Bulgaria and Romania the two last members to enter EU in 2007. In the candidate list still stay Croatia, Former Yugoslavia Republic and Turkey, being this last one the most controversial case in the EU.Moreover, this confederation of countries makes their decision in treaties known as immemorial legislation. These laws are decided by the institutional triangle formed by the Council of Ministers, European Parliament and the European commission. They represent the national governments, the people and a be independent of EU governments. One of the most controlling achievements of the EU is the single market and the economic and monetary union.In the other hand, each citizens of the EU has the chastise to travel, live and work anywhere in E urope. Thanks to the Maastricht Treaty, ever soy citizen of the Union has voice and votes in the local elections of their countries and in the elections to the European Parliament. Every citizen has to feel European with its own culture and education. This is why the EU has a lot of programs to help the people to adapt in the different cultures We are not bringing together states, we are uniting people, (Monnet, 1952).Turkey and its cultureTo understand why Turkey has been one of the most controversial cases in the EU, one has to identify its background. Since the beginning its been know that Turkey wanted to be disassociate of European Union. In fact they have 9% of its dry land inside Europe. Its neighbored to the west with Greece and Bulgaria.This country combines a diverse and heterogeneous set of elements that form their rich and complicated culture. They have been one of the countries that have every extreme of Eastern and Western culture. It all started with the Ottoman establishment in which they cannot mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire. When the empire fell and the Turkish Republic arose they altered a unitary approach that forced all of the cultures to mix with each other to make the Turkish national and cultural identity. This was a total bankruptcy that derived in much separation between the traditional Muslim cultures versus the cosmopolitan modernity of Istanbul.This gap made a collectivist political culture which is define by fear of disagreement and disharmony, this derivates in citizen more concern as a group and not as individual justice. Furthermore, another aspect in this type of culture is in the way they dealt with conflict. In this case they have a lot of social division and they are suppressed by dominant elites resolving the entire disputes by the acceptance of authority figures. Since the beginning the Republic was well know as a father state, so this would then b ear down to deep commitment of the people to the state, since fathers are often perceived as incapable of wrong-doing especially by their children, or in this case the Turkish polished society.This conflict in cultural differences has become a barrier to its entrance to the EU, so this past decade Turkey has determine itself to change it to a more Polyarchal political culture. This proposes a more predominant tolerance to religious and political values. take down though its not perfect people started to see the change, especially as the Delegation in European Commission (2007) said Concerning human rights and the protection of minorities, the legal framework to fight against torture and ill-treatment is established. When Turkeys political culture can finally assume the full colors of a Polyarchy, the democratic norms of the EU allow be deeply and unshakably embedded in the minds of the Turkish people.In addition, taking in mind the Christian-based Europe it is important to establ ish that Turkeys Muslim predominance makes a very important impact in the culture. The 99.8% of the population is Muslim. They have a secular government but the godliness is a really important factor to look at, because their traditions affects in the way people developed and in the form the government acts. It is a really divided society with a lot of really attached ways of seeing things that makes it a really complicated country. Its the fight between the past and the future.These differences existing in one same culture and country have created a series of debates and concerns from the European Unions part, strongly sceptical the candidacy of this half-Asian half-European country.Turkey the eternal European Union Candidate?Turkey is considered to be a country divided by two continents, Europe and Asia. It occupies a small part of southeastern Europe, all of the Anatolian Peninsula, and the rest of it is located in the Asian continent. The official negotiations between Turkey a nd the Union began in October of 2005, considering Turkey at last as a formal possible member of the EU in the future.Turkeys story with the European Union goes back for years. Since 1963, when it was accepted for the first meter as an associated member of the European Community, Turkey has tried to become a full member of this twenty-seven states union that comprises the worlds wealthiest and most successful trading bloc.Even though its intentions where known since the beginning, it wasnt until 1987 that Turkey officially applied for a full social station. Although they did not get what they really had in mind, Turkeys application strengthen their relations, meaning with this that efforts to let out relations intensified on both sides and actions to complete the Customs Union in time began again.Further in time, in 1997 one could say that the Costumes Union was functioning acceptably and that it had demonstrated the ability Turkey had to adjust to the EU standards in many areas, but that didnt prevented the commission to cite numerous political issues as pre-conditions for moving forward their relations. It is easy to imply that EUs claims, saying that all candidates would be evaluated agree to the same objective criteria and that there would be no discrimination in their evaluation, made Turkey find the Commissions approach unjust and prejudicial.It wasnt until 2005 that negotiations formally began and have extended until today with different kinds of issues or excuses from the European Commission. This has given hope to approximately Turks, as Gluf News said in Turkeys European Membership (2008) No one expects this to happen for at least ten years, but there is no denying that this is a significant moment in European history. No country that has started the process of EU accession has ever failed to be granted membership. ().Barriers to Turkeys EU entranceAs said before, the relations between Turkey and the EU date back since their application for an as sociation in 1959. The problem of its geographical location is not the only barrier this country is facing when talking about becoming a full-integrated member of the European Union.Some of the arguments against Turkishs membership to the EU include their public opinion progressively turning against EU, arguing that their relations are not based on reciprocity and shared interest. Saying that the EU is known to turn a profit more than Turkey, seeing from these relations with not established motivation to help Turkey with some of its problems and main worries.Furthermore, Turkeys large and poor population would directly and indirectly be a burden in the financial aspect to the other members, specifically referring to the EU budget, structural funds, flow of Turkish workers, among others. And its important to take in mind that its population would create preference in favor of Turkey in the European Union decision-making, making Turkey, in terms of the number of votes, the wink most powerful state.But maybe it can be said that the argument most sensitive centers on the cultural and religious differences existing between Turkey and this agglomeration of states. Cultural and religious mixture is one of the European Union self identities that recognizes and respects variety, but it is well known that Turkeys differences in this subject have been one of the biggest barriers for its entrance.The differences in relations between people and nations and culture can be greater than disparity between groups. Things involved like education, social standing, religion, personality, judgement structure, past experiences, affections shown in the home, and countless of other factors affect without doubt human behavior and its relation with other cultures.This specific subject was more and more use as an argument in opposition to Turkeys integration into an organized Europe since at least 1987, when Turkey, al bushel an associate member, made the application for full membersh ip of the European Community.This community, in the direction of a political unit with common democratic decision-making, as the European Union expressed, was based on common decisions according to values. With this it can be said that values are indispensable components of culture. The more cultural diversity there is in an association, the bigger probability there will be that either decisions dont get made or minorities get outvoted by majorities creating with this more problems.Therefore, the importance does not relay on how values, norms or goals are hypothesise but in the functional performance of the institutions dealing with them. Integrating a different social system is not only an incorporation of norms but also an integration of organizations.When talking about culture, one can say its known as an accessory of a society. Since this twenty-seven state community is not a society but more of an institution of states that represent different societies, it would be a mistake to speak of a culture in the strict intelligence of the word. One could rather think of a cultural area, maybe Christian-occidental, which linking it to a particular social system must not be done.The Muslim prevalence in Turkey has complicated and slowed down the action process, even though their presence is in the whole Europe, still some argue that given Turkeys Muslim character, Turkey is not even European at all. As R. Michel said (2005) Beneath the thin veneer of the European-identity argument is a deep-seated but seldom acknowledged belief among the European elite that Muslims cannot be fully European.Therefore the performances in music, poetry and arts, is not only what culture includes, but also the bunch of everyday life. The difference will exist and be noticed, especially in the areas where religious norms and traditions have their impact on everyday life. But, according to the Turks, these are not always extremely important.Discussing Turkishs membership to the EU wit h reference to cultural and religious factors, it is important to notice that Turkey is known as a secular country, as in a strict separation of religious and states affairs. However, Turkey is not the same as the rest secular countries, saying that the separation concerning the state and religion exist, but the religion is under the control of the government.On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that including Turkey to the process of incorporation to Europe will constitute an final result to one of the most well-known ball-shaped problems now a days Islam can co-exist with democracy and secularism. Giving out not only a global message, but also one that would be favorable for the immigrant population that forms the minorities in several EU states.In addition, the human rights record that Turkey has had is another question that has risen regarding to its incision. Turkey, because of its Muslim yet secular standards, has to answer about human rights abuses in the form of inadequate vision of womens rights, unequal rights to the minority Kurds, and even ultranationalistic legislation of the Turkish Penal Code that reprimands people for insulting Turkishness.Consequently, in views of the tremendous efforts undertaken by the Turkish Government and society to adapt to European standards in all aspects, there is an expectation that in some time an irreversible step towards EU membership will be taken. They state that their society is ready to embrace Europe and that the fact that the ties between Turks living in Europe have helped the mentality in Turkey to change.And finally, besides of all the mess between cultural problems and their entrance to the EU Turkey would become a bridge between East and West, between Islam and Christianity, between different cultures and civilizations. This country will become an inspiration for all the Muslims in the west, that they have been pushed away by Europe. So in fact it would be a great revelation for the whole w orld because of the disparity of culture. Its a gun that can backfire, because Europe has always been the rulers above cultures, so giving space in the EU to a Muslim country would change this entire image, and can make them in some way to loose power.To sum up, cultural differences have come to be known as one of the biggest barriers to Turkeys entrances to the EU. Its religion based, traditional and in ways dominant culture have created a fear of cultural disparities in Europeans.ConclusionOnce analyze the different positions that Turkey has played as a EU candidate and the long list of demands this conglomeration of states has asked, it poses a big question mark on the sincerity of the EU about accepting Turkey as a member.None of the member states were given such a long list of ever lasting demands that are not part of the original list of criteria. Given these complicated issues, it seems that many of the EU member states have no intention of bosom Turkey as a member.Having Tu rkey as a member of the EU offers a vital opportunity to start the process of understandement and support the potentially serious cultural diversity along religious lines and will decrease the future global problems. In so many ways it would be a factor de win-win but also loose, because the EU needs Turkeys handwork and borders but they dont need to bring more cultural problems to de EU members. If they accept them they will have to make a full recognition of its multi-cultural diversity and find a way to make them homogeneous.Therefore, Turkish people already in the EU will have a big role to play in this process because they represent the cultural diversity. So the European Union will have to confront and encourage the area of national identity and intercultural relations.As Stephen Twigg (2005) said, the effects of Turkish immigration into the EU are a part of the Unions future. There is no going back to an imagined mono-cultural past that tries to submerge immigrant communities into some imagined pure and homogenous cultural identityAs said before and to tally this, if the European Union really wishes Turkeys future integration its tolerance for cultural diversity and acceptance should be open and acquiescent enough to let this country join its close and exclusive group.

Description of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Description of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality livestockThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a well-wornized questionnaire designed to bring forth a wide variety of self-descriptions scored to give a quantitative dimension of an individuals level of emotional modification and approach toward demonstrate taking. The MMPI has been known as the leading personality inventory, most psychologists who conduct assessments as part of their clinical and consulting practice utilize this canvass. The widespread intention of this test is accredited to several features ranging from its straightforwardness in mark and administration, a straightforward response format that is essential for research design, a large event consortium, many useful purposes and functions, and many practically open correlates.Psychologists make diagnostic and treatment decisions, through MMPI, it has been employed in inpatient and outpatient mental health facilities. It has been utili se by psychologists in clinical setting to evaluate the existence of psychological offices in physical issues and to service in predicting responses to a variety of therapy and treatment.Starke R. Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley developed the MMPI in 1939 at the university of Minnesota. It was developed initially because of their vision of an instrument that could assist in evaluating patients during routine psychiatric case workups and could precisely determine the severity of their disorders.Hathaway believed the MMPI might aid researchers in assessing the usefulness of new treatment interventions by allowing methodical matching and evaluation of the participants.The MMPI was constructed using the criterion keying method also known as the semiempirical method of inventory turn of events. (Archer, 1997) The criterion keying method is utilized by testing with two or more multitudes of participants. One assort serves as the criterion group, this group has evidence of the defi ning trait, diagnosis or characteristic that test is intended to evaluate, and the other group/groups serve as a comparison group, where there is no evidence of the characteristics or diagnosis under evaluation. Responses of the criterion and comparison group be compared, and items are then selected for inventory membership that empirically demonstrate momentous differences in response frequency. (Archer, 1997)Hathaway and McKinley began their construction of the MMPI by creating an extensive item pool from which various scales could be constructed, the item pool consisted of a variety of statements from polar sources, ranging from previously established scales of personal and social attitudes, clinical reports, case histories, psychiatric interviewing manuals and personal clinical experience. (Groth-Marnat, 1997) the result of extensive exclusion and amendment were 504 statements, these statements were balanced amid positive and ostracize wording, and were developed to tap in to a broad area of an individuals life. The 504 items were divided into twenty-five content areas. These included items related to general medical and neurological symptoms, the clinical scales ranged from hypochondriasis, depression, ferocity psychopathic deviate, paranoia, schizophrenia, etc to scales to social introversion etc.An supernumerary 55 items thought to be related to masculinity-femininity were later added, and 9 items were subsequently deleted to achieve the final pool of550 items. (Nichols, 2001)The format of the inventory was first person declarative statements, composed of basic phrasing based on contemporary word-frequency tables. The responses were limited to true, false or cannot say. (Nichols, 2001)The tribe consisted of normals(Nichols) who were selected to contrast with the pathological criterion groups (N=724) ranging from the age of 16 to 65 referred also as the Minnesota normals(Groth-Marnat, 1997), the sample was closely representative of a typical grou p of individuals from the Minnesota population, as indicated through the 1930 census.The scales were cross- validatedated by selecting a different group of normals and contrasting their responses with a new group of clinical patients so that the items and scales would be valid for differential analysis in clinical setting.Hathaway and McKinley were interested in the fact that participants amend the impression they made on the test due to different test taking positions and opinions hence the created several scales that could identify the different types and magnitudes of various test-taking attitudes which could invalidate the clinical scales. They developed four scales the cannot say scale (?) was simply the total arrive of unanswered statements If amount of questions was high it would reduce the overall validity of the MMPI profile. The lie scale (L) was developed to indicates the examinees efforts to place himself/herself morally and culturally under an favorable lighten up a c reate an favorable impression. The infrequency scale (F) is used to assess the inclination of individuals to claim highly unusual attitudes, opinions, and behaviors that are classified as an component of psychopathology. The correction scale (k) assesses the examinees degree of psychological defensiveness (Groth-Marnat, 1997) this is considered the most important validity scale.Practical evaluation of the MMPIThe MMPI can be administered to an individual who is above the age of 16, with an reasonable sixth-grade reading level. As mentioned above an individual above the age of 16 is permitted to take the test, but adolescent norms needs to be addresses. Standard instruction are given prior to the test, test instruction are given regarding the nature and purpose of the test, and what it is designed to evaluate, and how the results will be used. Administering of the MMPI can be viewed as a relatively easy undertaking, and hence many practitioners tend to overlook indispensable elemen ts that influence the participants test-taking attitude and would eventually lead to invalid results. Prior to the administration, scoring, and interpretation of results, the executive should highlight the importance and consequences of the test in a serious manner to the test-taker, often the administrators do not high light the importance of the test to belittle performance anxiety. A clear elucidation oh how the results are significant and how it is going to be used will increase cooperation.Interpretation of data is an important and vital part of the MMPI the collected is useful in supplying information virtually attitudes toward assessment, cooperation, cognitive/ideation, mood and affect, conflict areas, coping styles, diagnostic consideration and treatment testimonialThe interpretation of the scores was based on the principle that a participant attains a raw score on each scale based on the number of items that they identified in the scored direction. The raw scores are th en later converted to T scores, with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.The interpretation of the test can be done in three ways, first using the validity indicators, this is the first step in rendering any personality profile which is establishing the validity to assure the subjects cooperativeness in taking the test. MMPI has been established as having the most comprehensive validity indicators (Goldstein, 2000) among all established personality inventories and assessments. Secondly translation results involve Configural Interpretation (code type), this is due to the intercorrelations amongst scales and also the overlap amongst the similarities of clinical syndromes, evidence has been attained indicating several MMPI scales tend to increase together, therefore, interpretations of scales should wager on the elevations of other scales in the personality profile. Third and final approach to interpreting the results is content bases interpretation. The principal followed i n the content interpretation relies on the assertion that the participant when answering test items is reacting and responding with honesty and sincerity to the MMPI. Accordingly the content of the MMPI may represent a vital source of information that cannot be amicable through empirical test-interpretation.Technical evaluationThe reliability analysis of the MMPI indicate that its has moderate levels of temporal stability and internal consistency all MMPI scales are quite reliable, with values that range from a low of .71 to a high of .84. (Groth-Marnat, 1997) many studies have reported inconsistency in almost of the scales many argue that the scales of the MMPI try instability in the test scores that are to be anticipated. This is of importly due to the psychiatric population since the effects of treatment or stabilization in a temporary crisis situation is likely to be reflected in a patients test performance. (Groth-Marnat, 1997)To cross-validate the scales, participants of the criterion and the control groups were administered the items. To qualify as cross-validated, a scale had to ramify the criterion group from the control group at a 0.5 alpha level significance.Another issue that has surface about the MMPI is about the construction of the scales. The intercorrelations between most of the scales are relatively high, which is primarily due to the extensive amount of item overlap. Occasionally, the same item will be concurrently used for the scoring of a few other scales, and hence most of the scales have a relatively high percentage of items similar to other scalesThe problems associated with the reliability and scale construction have led to hurdles and speculation on the validity of the MMPI. MMPI has been commended about its strict psychometric properties that present complications, but it has been adequately compensated by its intensifier validity studiesDevelopment of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-AProblems concerning the MMPI were mainly about the g rowing issues related to scale construction, insufficiency of a standardized sample and problems with the item pool. The original norm had myopic representation of the minorities and hence was redundant in making conclusions about and with current test-takers. In 1982, the university of Minnesota instigated a major(ip) research in effort to revise, update, improve, and restandardize the MMPI. Its main inclinations were to delete the redundant, questionable, and problematic items. Maintain the efficacy of existing validity clinical and different widely utilized scales of the test. Develop a representative sample, Develop new, rewrite norms for the MMPI and the development of new scales.The MMPI was updated and restandardized and the new version was released in 1989 46 years after the original MMPI was published. The revised MMPI-2 differs from the older MMPI in various ways the T scores that the subject obtains are usually not as deviant as those from the previous version. In addi tion, the T scores designed to produce the same range and distribution right through the established clinical scales. The practical result is that T scores of 65 or greater are considered to be in clinical scale range also the percentile distributions are consistent throughout the different type of scales. The test booklet itself contains 567 items, but the specimen has been changed so that the previously established scales (the 10 clinical and 3 validity scales) can be derived from the first 370 items. The proceeding 197 items provide different content, supplementary scales. A number of new and revised scales have been included along with new, revised, adjunctive procedures of test validity, separate measure of masculinity and femininity and 15 other additional content scales measuring unambiguous and specific personality traits and factors. (Groth-Marnat, 1997)The MMPI-2 shares a lot of psychometric property with the original MMPI. The median split-half reliability coefficients f or the MMPI and the MMPI-2 are in the .70s with some coefficients as high as .96 but others much lower. Median of the test-retest coefficients range from a low .50 to .90 when one observes the basic higher-order factor structure the MMPI and the MMPI-2 are super reliable, with coefficients running as high as .90.The MMPI and the MMPI have been criticized due to the item overlap and this issue was not confronted in the revision of the original MMPI, as the goal was to retain all the original scales. Another criticism associated with the MMPI and MMPI-2 is the imbalance in the way the items are keyed(Kaplan Saccuzzo, 2009). the MMPI and the MMPI-2 strongly emphasize the importance of taking the participants demographics into account when interpreting profiles.The MMPI-A was published for the sole interest of creating an instrument for adolescents, with a normative sample depicting the broad teenage population. This occurred because MMPI produced different scale elevations for adoles cence than for adults. This resulted in the construction of different sets of recommended norms for use with adolescent populations. To counter argue that the MMPI is too long, especially for adolescent, the MMPI-A contains 478 items, there by shortening the administration. (Groth-Marnat, 1997)Significant features of the MMPI include descriptive and diagnostic information about the personality profiles, flexible administration and scoring. The most important feature of the MMPI is its validity scales and it has been translated and published into over 20 languagesThe most needed amendment of the MMPI apparently has been a major accomplishment the majority of psychologist, researchers, and clinicians have supported its utility and practical value resulting in its rising popularity among them. The MMPI serves to assist in distinguishing the normal from abnormal groups specifically the test was designed to help aid in diagnosis and evaluation of major psychiatric or psychological disord ers.

Euphoric And Dysphoric Phases In Marriage :: essays research papers

<a href="http//www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesDespite all the fashionable theories of marriage, the narratives and the feminists, the reasons to engage in marriage largely remain the same. True, there have been role reversals and new stereotypes have cropped up. But the biological, physiological and biochemical facts were less amenable to modern criticisms of culture. work force be still men and women are still women in more than one respect. Men and women marry for the same reasons The knowledgeable Dyad formed due(p) to sexual attraction and in order to secure a stalls, consistent and permanently available source of sexual gratification. The Economic Dyad To form a functioning economic unit within which the economic activities of the members of the dyad and of additional entrants will be concentrated. The economic unit generates more wealth than it consumes and the synergy amid its members i s likely to lead to gains in production and in productivity relative to individual efforts and investment. The Social Dyad The members of the couple bond as a guide of implicit or explicit, direct, or indirect social pressure. This pressure can manifest itself in numerous forms. In Judaism, a person cannot belong to just about religious vocations, unless he is married. This is economic pressure. In most human societies, avowed bachelors are considered to be socially deviant and abnormal. They are condemned by society, ridiculed, shunned and isolated, effectively ex-communicated. part to avoid these sanctions and partly to enjoy the warmth provided by conformity and acceptance, couples marry. Today, a myriad of lifestyles is on offer. The old fashioned, nuclear marriage is one of many variants. Children are reared by single parents. Homosexual couples abound. But in all this turbulence, a pattern is discernible almost 95% of the adult population gets married ultimately. They si nk into a two-member arrangement, whether formalized and sanctioned religiously or legally or not. The Companionship Dyad Formed by adults in search of sources of long-term and stable support, emotional warmth, empathy, care, good advice and intimacy. The members of these couples tend to define themselves as each others best friends. It is folk wisdom to state that the first three types of dyad arrangements suffer from instability. Sexual attraction wanes and is replaced by sexual attrition in most cases. This could lead to the adoption of non-conventional sexual behaviour patterns (sexual abstinence, group sex, couple swapping, etc.

Women in Sports Essay -- Expository Essays Athletics Gender Inequality

Women in SportsChallenges appear to be part of the human experience. In the course of history, very microscopical has come easily. The progress that women pretend made in maneuver in the United States over the course of the last 100 years seems remarkable for the amount achieved in so little time. In relation to the other advances made in this century, including mens sport, that achievement dims. While women have made great advances, they havent, in comparison, come that far. It would appear, from the outside, that mens sport will forever have all of the advantages, all of the rewards, all of the prestige, while womens sport is left to perpetual inequality. Yet, not only argon there sports that are considered non-traditional for both sexes, the obvious majority of these sports are traditionally recognized as womens sports. While there may be a very small figure of speech of teams of male synchronized swimmers or synchronized ice-skaters, there are virtually no integrated teams. O f the number of sports considered non-traditional for women, among them football and wrestling, women have gradually opened the adit into these sports. In most states, girls even have the right to participate on boys sports teams if there is no girls team or even a girls team which plays by the same rules because of the historical limitations on womens sports. However, in most states boys are not granted the same rights because there has been no such historical limitation on their participation in sports, according to the Womens Sports Foundation. While this may seem to defy the motivating spirit behind laws like Title IX, many view it as an acceptable situation. Boys who do participate in sports such as synchronized swimming, cheerleading and even ... ...ly equal arena is furthered. The more the current conception of what is permissible for both gender as well as what is possible is challenged, the closer we come to a re-examination of how unequal the history of sport has been f or both sexes and the actions that need to be taken in order to prevent such inequalities from existing in the future. The more individuals take on challenges like this the more they force society to closely testify the way they think about what makes people and their activities different in the first place. These re-examinations and re-evaluations all lead to one eventual goal the elimination of a trustworthy inequality between men and women in terms of their positions in society and in sport. The fewer inequalities that are allowed to exist, the closer society comes to a point at which it can be described as being truly tolerant and accepting.

Characters in The Girl Watcher and The Human Chair :: Tayama Katai Edogawa Rampo

Uncanny Reactions to ModernizationSugita Kojo of Tayama Katais The Girl Watcher (1907) and the chair maker in Edogawa Rampos The Human Chair (1925) react to new ways of life in a similar, vulgar manner. Both stories include aspects of family new to that time Trains and chairs, respectively. These pieces from the Meiji & Taisho period, a period where stories began to express the characters thoughts, depict the importance of understanding novel and foreign aspects of daily life by showing how these modern ways of living may be used inappropriately.Sugita, the protagonist in The Girl Watcher, has several responsibilities his job, wife, and children. However, his warmness is watching young, wealthy girls on trains. Yes. Why does he choose this particular hobby? These girls attend expensive high schools and can be considered modern in both age and appearance. gibe to lecture, trains were a new space where people of different social classes mixed, and people had to learn to act appropriately and how to look at other passengers. Right With frequently practice, Sugita has figured out how to watch young women on trains, abusing this new form of travel Its too direct to watch them face on, whereas from a hold itslikely to arouse peoples suspicions therefore, the most convenient seat to occupy is one diagonally opposite (Katai, 175). Yes. This is one of my favorite quotes in the story. Sugita is non an ordinary man, his walk is odd and he is unpleasant to the eye. However, he lives a mundane and depressing life writing for a magazine. Sugita watches girls to restore his passion for life, to engage in the modern world was there no one who would embrace him in her white arms? If only someone would, then he was sure he would discover lifein hard work. Fresh blood would flow through his veins (page 180). He worryes he could be rescued. Young women propel Sugita of his youth, of things he wanted to do but never did, such as make passionate love. Katai may be saying that once things modernize, one moldiness become entirely modern to survive in society. Sugita lives in a modern house, wears western clothes (considered modern at the time), but he does not live a modern life he was coming out in his same old way along his same old route, wish his same old hat (Katai, 170).