Chemistry lab paper sherlock holmes experiment Essay Example

Science lab paper sherlock holmes explore Essay Our target for the Sherlock Holmes Experiment was to show that a few synthetics can be distinguished or separated by straightforward compound tests, for example, dissolvability, pH, or shading tests. In our gathering we needed to test come normal powders, for example, Alkali-Seltzer, preparing pop, flour, Vitamin C (ascorbic corrosive), and salt. Different synthetic compounds that were utilized to do this analysis were vinegar, and Iodine 2 Solution. The hardware used to do this test was red litmus paper, and 5 test tubes for every gathering. After all materials were assembled, we at that point needed to do five unique tests to figure out what the powder material does. We will compose a custom exposition test on Chemistry lab paper sherlock holmes analyze explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Chemistry lab paper sherlock holmes test explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Chemistry lab paper sherlock holmes test explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The main test was to perceive what the powder materials do in water. We needed to include a scoop of every one of the normal powders to an equivalent measure of water, each in a different test tube. At that point we needed to mix/shake it up and record our perceptions. We had established that the flour didn't break up in water. The nutrient C dissolved in the water. The salt, Alkali-Seltzer, and heating soft drink likewise didn't break down in the water. In the second test we did, we needed to figure out what every arrangement does with litmus paper. We had plunged a bit of red litmus paper in each test cylinder and afterward see what occurs. At the point when we put the litmus paper in the flour, Vitamin C, and salt, the litmus paper remained a similar shading (red) and there was no response to both of them. In any case, when we put the litmus paper in the Alkali-Seltzer, and preparing pop, the litmus papers turned too blue shading. In the third test, we needed to include a spurt (half ml) of vinegar in each test cylinder to see what occurs. At the point when we put vinegar in the flour, we saw that a smooth like arrangement was made. At the point when we put vinegar in the Vitamin C and the salt there was no response to both of the basic powders. The Alkali-Seltzer, and the preparing pop, hen blended in with vinegar, had a bubbly/frothing response. In the fourth test, we needed to include a spurt (half ml) of Iodine 2 arrangement in every one of the test cylinders to see what happens. For the flour, when blended in with iodine, had turn too dark shading with no physical/synthetic response. The Vitamin C went to a red/orange shading with no physical/synthetic response. For the salt the arrangement went to an orange shading with no physical/concoction response. With the Alkali-Seltzer, the arrangement went to an earthy colored shading with no response too. To wrap things up, the Baking soft drink went to a range/earthy colored shading with no response. In the last test, we needed to try out a puzzle (powder A, B, C), in its own different test tube, so as to understand the Sherlock Holmes Mystery. Our gathering had powder C. At the point when we blended water in the puzzle powder, it didn't break up. At the point when the litmus paper was placed into the test tube it turned blue. At the point when the vinegar was blended it gurgled/frothed up. At the point when we blended the iodine arrangement, there was no response and the arrangement went to a dim earthy colored/dark shading. At the point when we blended in the preparing soft drink there was no response and it went to an Taking everything into account, after we had tried the riddle powder, we needed to settle the puzzle of who took Kamala Jacksons cushion. There were four presumes which were, Ruby, alma, Manly, and Beau, who were seen at the time the cushion vanished. I then offset all the normal powders that had no correlation with the riddle powder. The flour, nutrient C, and salt didn't have any examination which left just the Alkali-Seltzer and the preparing pop. The correlations of the Alkali-Seltzer and the preparing soft drink were fundamentally the same as. They were Just about equivalent to the secret powder. So I at that point limited the two suspects, Beau, and alma, who could have taken Jambs cushion. My allegations of the offender limited to Beau. I state this in light of the fact that despite the fact that alma was preparing treats, she didn't utilize heating soft drink to make her treats, as you would might suspect when somebody is cooking they may utilize heating soft drink as a fixing. So then I did my examination. Lover is the main individual left on the grounds that at the hour of the vanishing of the cushion, Beau was utilizing Alkali-Seltzer tablets. Antacid Seltzer tablets contain citrus extract and sodium bicarbonate (preparing pop), which lead to my allegation that the offender is Beau.

Marc Jacobs free essay sample

With budgetary support from his previous managers, he began his own organization with long-lasting colleague Robert Duffy. The Marc Jacobs name before long demonstrated a triumph. † â€Å"In 1997, Jacobs was named imaginative chief of the Louis Vuitton place of extravagance merchandise in Paris. The activity was an expert triumph, however it brought new weights that tossed Jacobss individual life into a spiral. He started a time of overwhelming medication use, with close daily gorges of cocaine, heroin and liquor. Companions, including model Naomi Campbell and Vogue editorial manager Anna Wintour, convinced Jacobs to look for help. He looked into recovery in 1999. Marc Jacobs’ grandma truly gave him bunches of adoration, care, and backing after the battle of his family issue. The opportunity his grandma gave him would be an essence wherein Marc Jacobs can be so effective. On the off chance that his opportunity was confined in his young time, his ability and innovativeness probably won't be appeared and affected the style today. We will compose a custom article test on Marc Jacobs or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Jacobs didn’t consider the grunge assortment as a disappointment, rather, he made the trouble empowered him, and allowed himself to demonstrate accomplishment to the individuals who used to look down on him. This sort of character is a major impact in all achievement, which individuals thinks about their notoriety and thinks about themselves. It’s normally hard for street pharmacists and heavy drinkers to dispose of the enslavement. Be that as it may, Jacobs made it with the assistance of his companions. Loved ones is consistently an extraordinary impact to individuals. Marc Jacobs have them two, which drove him to turn into a fruitful style planner.

Stress and Social Support Research

Stress and Social Support Research Stress Management Relationship Stress Print Social Support for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 06, 2019 Ascent Xmedia/ Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Social support has been widely studied as a factor that minimizes the effects on stress, and the results are somewhat striking.  Not only does social support help people feel less stressed, but it can also actually improve your health and decrease their mortality risk.  Here’s more of what you need to know about the relationship between your relationships and the effects of stress on your body and mind. Social Support Basics We all have a good basic idea of what it means to have social support in one’s life, but when discussing research, it helps to be precise. Social support, when studied by psychologists, is often defined as “acts that communicate caring; that validate the other’s words, feelings or actions; or that facilitate adaptive coping with problems through the provision of information, assistance, or tangible resources”.  There are a few different types of social support, all of which are beneficial.   Types of Social Support Not all types of social support are the same.  Different forms of support carry different benefits.  Here are some of the main types. Emotional Social Support includes affirmations of one’s worth, concern about one’s feelings, and the sharing of positive regard.  This falls along the lines of listening to and validating feelings, letting others know they are valued, and offering a shoulder to cry on.Informational Social Support involves the sharing of advice or information that can help someone who is experiencing a stressor or challenge they don’t know how to handle.  This includes offering advice that people may find useful, pointing people to experts who may offer advice, and sharing experiences.Tangible Social Support includes sharing resources, either material or financial. Obviously, this can include providing loans of monetary gifts, but it can also involve offers to share childcare duties, helping a friend move, or even bringing a casserole to a grieving family.Belonging Social Support involves providing social leisure and belonging.  This means including friends in the group, and spending time with f riends who need support and may feel alone. Effects of Social Support One study from the University of Utah examined the effects of three of these different types of social support among married couples and found that emotional, tangible, and informational support all helped lower blood pressure when individuals were faced with short-term stressors.Another study that analyzed 148 smaller studies showed a definitive finding that social support is heavily linked with health and wellbeing.  In examining the link between social support and mortality, the research found a surprising 50% increased likelihood of survival for participants with stronger relationships. This finding remained consistent across age, sex, initial health status, cause of death, and follow-up period.Research has documented many physiological and mental health benefits of  social  support, including improved immune, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine function; positive adjustment to chronic disease; decreased depression and anxiety; and effective buffering against the negative effects of stress.Sadly, many people are more socially isolated than they’d like to be, despite perhaps having connections to acquaintances through social media.  Researchers measure the closeness of relationships in different ways, but many of these measures show “social poverty” or a lack of social support. It is possible to have a large group of acquaintances but still feels lonely, and many people do. If youre feeling a lack of social connection with others, youre not alone. Social Support for Stress Relief Social support can be great for your stress levels, making stressful situations less damaging to your mental and physical health. Creating a circle of supportive friends may take a little effort, but it is worth it in terms of benefits to your general health and wellbeing.  Creating strong relationships in your life is therefore vital for you and for those you love.  You can also find out some ways in which you can cultivate social support as a stress reliever.

Book Report On Burger King Essay - 955 Words

Preface information on Burger King: The origins of what is now the international fast food corporation Burger King, began in 1953 in Jacksonville Florida as Insta-Burger King. Inspired by the recent success of the McDonalds Corporation, Founders/Owners Matthew Burns and Keith Kramer searched for their own gimmick to kick start their business. They found that Gimmick in two pieces of machines called â€Å"Insta-Broilers†. The Machines were the cornerstone of the original few stores, and where required in all stores to broil Burgers. After a year of slow business, the company was sold to Miami, Florida franchisees David Edgerton and James Mclamore in 1954. Their first issue of business was to change the company name to simply Burger King. Then the two began a complete corporate restructure of the company, eventually expanding the company to 250 locations nationwide over an 8 year tenure. Burger King was then sold to Pillsbury Company 1967. In 1978 Burger King made an attempt to revamp the company’s structu re, by hiring former McDonalds executive Donald Smith. Smith purposed that the company make many changes including, revamped menus, updated franchise agreements, and changing the look and logo to look more modern. The Company was sold three more times after poor performance next to its top competitor, McDonalds. The third time it was sold to investors led by TPG Capital for $1.5 billion in 2002. TPG then took the company public in 2005, where it was initially publicallyShow MoreRelatedMcdonald s Vs. Burger King Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesMcDonald s vs. Burger King. McDonald s, America s well known fast food chain has been growing since the day it was discovered by Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1940. The famous hamburger sensation has surpassed its restaurant presences by 1.5 times when compared to the overall amount of hospitals in the U.S. for decades, McDonald s has been the number one hamburger fast food choice for the average Americans, that is until Burger King started t o build its innovation. The rise of Burger King started inRead MoreCase Study : Burger King s Promotion1091 Words   |  5 PagesPromotion Burger King promotes their products by sending out direct mailers every month with discount coupons to one of their target market, which are young adults and low-income families. The mailers advertise â€Å"Over $70 dollars in savings†. â€Å"One of the coupons in the mailer offers two Whoppers, two small french fries, and two small drinks for $ 8.99† (BK mailer , 2016). These deals are so good that their target market the young adult and low-income families can afford to eat at Burger King restaurantsRead MoreThe Value Of Burger King s Brand Name Value822 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A brand is a voice and a product is a souvenir.† Lisa Gansky, American entrepreneur and author of the book  The Mesh The brand equity is defined as a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand (Aaker, 1991). There have been many debates among the accountants claiming that brand value is a valuable long term asset (Wood L., 2000). In 1992, Financial World started publishing brand value estimates and it was found that the brand value represents approximately 40% of equity 9531184Read MoreChina Buffet vs. Burger King1342 Words   |  6 PagesChina Buffet vs. Burger King Dirty Dining Today there are more and more reports of dirty dinning in so many fast food restaurants. Any time a person decides to eat out in any type of fast food restaurant they are taking a big risk, and stand a chance of getting sick from the food that they eat. All fast food restaurants have their own little dirty secrets. Some are clean whereas some are filthy and should be shut down. There are several shows on television today that show how nastyRead MoreFinancial Overview - Mcdonalds Case Study2100 Words   |  9 Pagesdescription of McDonald’s corporation, including its background, followed by a financial overview with comments for each financial category reviewed, the a comparison of financial ratio’s between McDonald’s and it rival Burger King derived from their 2009 and 2009 annual reports. Finally a support will be provided based off of all findings. Part One: Company Description The McDonald’s Corporation is a well-known restaurant chain that franchises and operates fast food restaurants worldwide.Read MoreEssay on Comparing McDonalds and Burger King2479 Words   |  10 PagesComparing McDonalds and Burger King 1.0 Executive Summary This report examines how the fast-food service industry uses consumer behaviour principles and techniques to influence consumers. It explores the actions and observes the practices undertaken by the two most prominent players of this particular industry, namely McDonalds Corporation and Burger King Corporation. Using past and present research and statistics, this reports offers a complete analysis of consumer reaction to advertisementsRead MoreFinancial Analysis of Mcdonalds Essay3043 Words   |  13 Pagesone of the world’s most known and leading restaurant retailers to provide fast, convenient and tasty food to millions of customers worldwide each day. Headquartered in the United States and a company that began with small beginnings, and a simple burger it now has expanded menu that includes healthy food. Currently, the McDonald name and its brand serves to approximately 64 million customers each day, in over 333,000 local restaurants locations, in about 119 countries. II. Company History TheRead MoreFast Food and Burger King3682 Words   |  15 PagesInternational Business Assignment Abstract Burger King has been widely known as one of the biggest fast food restaurant around the world. For decades, Burger King has grown rapidly and well known in the worldwide. Founded by James Mclamore and David Edgerton in Miami, Florida in 1954, the company first started its menu dominantly of burger, fries, and soft drink. Since the restaurant grows, Burger King expanded the breadth of its menu by adding various non-beef items like chicken, fish andRead MoreCsr Mcdonalds1534 Words   |  7 Pagesbring up Burger King’s CSR policy which says that â€Å"Directors, as well as officers and employees, are expected to act ethically at all times and to adhere to the Companys Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We share the concerns of our neighbours and employees about the future of our planet and the need to protect and conserve precious resources. Each of us is responsible for ensuring that our Company conducts its business with honesty, integrity and the highest ethical standards .† (Burger King Website)Read MoreDiageo Case Study1411 Words   |  6 Pages20% of its Burger King subsidiary. Because of the restructuring opportunity, the company wanted to rethink its financing mix. In this case, the tradeoff between the costs and benefits of different leverage policies will be discussed. A simulation model was created by Diageo’s director of Finance and Capital Markets, Ian Simpson, and Adrian Williams, the firm’s Treasury Research Manager, to understand the tax benefits of higher gearing and the cost of financial distress. In this report, I will discuss

Essay On The Original Abbey - 1505 Words

The original abbey was a Chapter House, built in 1160. It was used by the canons as the place for business meetings and had stalls situated around the walls for seating; the canons would have met here in the morning, held services, be assigned tasks and be disciplined. Architecturally, it is Norman with the curved arches and is one of the only surviving original parts of the Abbey that would have included different rooms for the canons which governed their daily lives and a church. However, the eastern wall was rebuilt after the 1831 Bristol Riots, hence the modern windows. These windows now list the Abbots of the original monastery and the Deans of the Cathedral. The Chapter house is now a much more communal area and is used for community†¦show more content†¦Additionally, the chapel was not originally attached to the main building however it was eventually joined to the North Transept. The chapel contains lots of artwork, including the medieval tomb of Lady Margret Mortime r and Lord Maurice Berkeley, as well as the iconography of Saint Augustine of Hippo and local Saint Jordan. It is clear from the brickwork that the Elder Lady Chapel has been developed over time, the ceiling is noticeably different to the walls, which also differ from each other. Built in 1298 by Abbot Knowle was The East End ( Eastern Lady Chapel). It continues with the gothic architecture, very popular at the time and first introduced to the Abbey by Abbot David. The East End has large pointed windows which let light fill the space and is Englands largest hall church - this means all the ceilings are the same height, usually only the aisle ceilings are the same. There are also painted ceilings and painted designs, suggesting the Abbey was wealthy at the time. At the heart of the east end is the Choir, it is one of the most important and original works of the medieval era in Europe. It is at the center of the cathedral and was rebuilt by Abbot Knowle in the 14th Century, the choir stalls were later added by Abbot Elyot in the 16th Century. The current stalls date back to the 19th century but incorporate some of the 16th Century carvings, including the original misericords. these are located under the choir seats and were originallyShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Of John Keats And William Wordsworth1169 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey†, he shows this substitution through conceiving beauty and truth regardless of existence. Similarly, Keats, whom also is an expressivist, proves to be so by also showing beauty and truth in his poem, â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† while creating infinity among the substituted presence. Before the rise of Romantics, there was order. It was believed that the entire universe had a fixed order. As Pope said in his poem â€Å"Essay on Criticism† he called it the â€Å"Vast ChainRead MoreThe Role and Significance of the Monastic Life in Medieval Christianity1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role and Significance of the Monastic Life in Medieval Christianity What is monasticism? The central and original role of the monastic life can be drawn from the meanings of the words monk and hermit. the word monk comes from the Greek word monaches which means solitary and hermit from heremites a desert dweller. The early monks and nuns were just that: men and women who fled the worldliness of urban life and the ethos of a church that was at the timeRead MoreIn Westminster Abbey Analysis1710 Words   |  7 PagesEssay: â€Å"In Westminster Abbey† â€Å"In Westminster Abbey† by John Betjeman is a poem that tells the story of a woman in a famous church in London and her prayer to the Lord. Each stanza in the poem contains something that the speaker wants from the Lord. And as one reads through the poem, a more keen understanding of the woman praying is formed, and it is likely drastically different from the original perception gained in the first two stanzas. In â€Å"In Westminster Abbey,† John Betjeman uses the speaker’sRead MoreAnswers to Some Critical Questions1718 Words   |  7 Pagesyour mind. (Browne 171). In American Earth, the Abbey notes that ¦. the absence of motorized tourists, who stay away by the millions. And they stay away because of the unpaved entrance road, the unflushable toilets in the campgrounds, and the fact that most of them have never even heard of Archest National Monument (416). This is clear omission and skewing of the data simply because there is no data to back this up, this is supposition, and Abbey does not include the reasons why tourists do visitRead More Millennial Themes in The Prelude and Mont Blanc Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe types and symbols of eternity, Of first, and last, and midst, and without end. (VI. 566-572) The unity of God, man, and nature is of course a common theme in Wordsworths poetry, having been given equally memorable treatments in Tintern Abbey and elsewhere, but it was the seemingly paradoxical sentiment of this passage from The Prelude that made such a strong impression on me. As John Beer points out in his article Romantic Apocalypses, Although traditionally the apocalypse and the millenniumRead MoreEssay about Biography f Rene Descartes864 Words   |  4 Pageslicensed degree in Law. In 1618, Descartes spent some time in the military where he was placed in a defense force of Maurice of Nassau, Dutch Republic. In 1622, Descartes came back to France. It was during this stay in Paris where he wrote his first essay called â€Å"Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii† also known as Rules For The Direction Of The Mind. In 1628, Rene moved to the Dutch Republic where he lived for over 20 years. During this time period, he learned more about mathematics, utilizing his spareRead MoreJoseph Franz Haydn Essays818 Words   |  4 PagesCathedral in Vienna, where he made an early living. He worked as a freelance musician, playing the violin and the keyboard instruments, accompanying for singing lessons given by the composer Porpora, who helped and encouraged him ( Boynick, 1). In this essay, I will discuss a brief overview of Joseph Haydns life. I will also talk about some of the pieces he has composed and how they changed music forever. In 1759 he was appointed music director to Count Morzin; but he soon moved, into service asRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1220 Words   |  5 Pagesdirecting the film Macbeth, (Macbeth) and the essay will examine many aspects of the play including the main characters, personalities, themes as well as the important incidents in the film and the historical background. I have chosen Lady Macbeth as the main character for discussion. The 2010 film, saw Macbeth as Stalin and the weird sisters or witches were portrayed as nurses and then cooks. It was filmed in an abbey which retained some of the original scenes of Shakespeare’s play. The 2010 filmRead MoreThe Challenges Of Seamus Heaney1406 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will analyse the challenges Seamus Heaney faced during the process of translation and writing, including his own conscious effort to make the play suitable for a modern audience. It will demonstrate how Heaney’s use of language and poetry aided in presenting modern ideas through the timbre of Irish/English diction and idiom in an attempt to make the play more ‘speakable’. Identifying features of Greek theatrical conventions and how Heaney used these to shape his play. Heaney also presentsRead More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 Pagesspirituality, and sociality of the story, it has remained, since 1886, a novella that according to the Reverend W. J. Dawson, gives Stevenson â€Å"a place apart, and high above all contemporaries, as an interpreter of the deepest things of the soul† (qtd. in Abbey 318). Not content to merely comment on the age of Victoria—i.e., the world about him—Stevenson has used the vehicle of Jekyll and Hyde to comment on the world within him, and within each of us, depicting the efforts of a scientist who separates

Bloom’s Research and Response Free Essays

Bloom’s Research and Response Bloom’s Research and Response Benjamin Bloom developed Bloom’s Taxonomy of Education in 1956. It is a teaching system developed to classify learning objectives and skills (Larkin Burton, 2008). Lori Anderson and David Krathwohl revised the original publication- Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational objectives and also added new knowledge and ideas to the original material. We will write a custom essay sample on Bloom’s Research and Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is the handbook in use by educators today. The Educational objectives that Bloom developed he categorized into three domains: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor. Each domain has its own set of specific expectations. Bloom broke down his taxonomy into different levels of complexity. They are arraigned in a hierarchy from less to more complex. When teaching, the educator will use the levels so that mastery of the first level is necessary by the learner before the next level can be achieved. The Cognitive Domain focuses on knowledge and developing the skills of comprehension, it also uses critical thinking skills. There are six levels of complexity in this Domain: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. The Affective Domain focuses on how the learner deals with emotions and with his ability to feel empathy for others. Bloom broke down this domain into five levels: Receiving (awareness), Responding (active participation in the learning process), Valuing, Organization, and Internalizing (values held that influence a behavior so it becomes a characteristic). The third domain, the Psychomotor Domain was not broken down into subcategories by Bloom but by Simpson in 1972. The Psychomotor Domain focuses on the ability to manipulate an object physically. This domain has seven levels: Perception, Set (readiness to act), Guided Response, Mechanism, Complex Overt Response (the ability to perform without hesitation), Adaptation, and Origination. When used, Bloom’s Taxonomy will provide the educator with a measurable way to assess the level of comprehension of the taught information by the learner (â€Å"Big Dog and Little Dog’s Performance Juxtaposition,† 2010). Nurses can use Bloom’s teaching method in educating patients with chronic diseases. First the nurse must assess the patient for level of understanding and readiness to learn. The nurse uses the Cognitive Domain to teach the patient about his specific disease and to facilitate understanding of all concepts associated with the disease and its treatments. In following the hierarchy the nurse would start with the simplest information and ideas and increase the complexity of the information after the patient has exhibited comprehension of the previously taught material. Using the Affective Domain the nurse helps the patient deal with his emotions related to his diagnosis and to attach a value to it. Once a patient has processed the information given to him, realizes the importance of managing his care and placing a value on its importance, he is ready to use the psychomotor domain. The educator uses the Psychomotor domain to teach the skills portion of education. Diabetics need to learn how to use blood glucose testing equipment; patients may need to learn how to self-catheterize these are just two examples of skills that nurses teach that fall under this domain. There are many areas of education a nurse teaches daily. One of which is the information given to patients with chronic diseases in order for them to achieve or maintain self-sufficiency. Bloom’s teaching method gives those patients the best chance at mastering the necessary information and skills needed to live day-to-day with a chronic illness. References Big Dog and Little Dog’s Performance Juxtaposition. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/hrd/bloom. html Larkin, B. G. , Burton, K. J. (2008, September). Evaluating a Case Study Using Bloom’s Taxonomy of Education. AORN Journal, 88(3), 390-402 How to cite Bloom’s Research and Response, Essays

Science and Technology free essay sample

Science and Technology essay – Advantages and disadvantages of technological advances Technology has been progressing at an astonishingly rapid rhythm, and it has been changing our lives in a scaring way. In the future, our lives might change even more, with several benefits and dangers of technological advances. Everything evolves around 3 concepts: technology, science and future. So now arises the question: will this technology advance make society better or worse off? On the one hand, several benefits will make society better off. For example, advances in cosmetic surgery will lead to people being highly satisfied with their personal appearance and happiness among society will be increased. For example, people that feel ugly and can’t find a couple will now be able do it with facial metamorphosis, and they won’t be depressed anymore. In conclusion, society’s welfare and happiness will be increased by cosmetic surgery. Another example is genetically modified food. We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ability to modify the food’s gens will allow crops to grow faster. This will lead to higher amounts of food being produced at lower prices. As a consequence, world’s hunger rates will be dramatically reduced, with higher nutrition rates taking place. In conclusion, genetically modified food will affect positively human hunger and nutrition rates. Lastly, human lives will also be benefited by another important technological advancement: animal clonation. Species extinction will be reduced or even stopped, as well as hunger rates to the increase in supply of food. To sum up, animal clonation will solve some of the key issues which are actually part of the world’s daily agenda. Overall, human life will be changed in a very positive way by advancements such as the mentioned before and some actual key issues won’t exist anymore. However, technology might also bring severe dangers to human life, being society’s welfare not maximized and in a very extreme case, humans might be extinct. An example of this situation is life expectancy increased to 120/130 years old. Besides this might be seen as a positive fact because we will be able to have a higher quality and longer life, increasing the life expectancy to that range of years will make more profound an actual worldwide issue: overpopulation. If humans start living until 120/130 years old and the birth rates remain constant, then overpopulation will take place, global warming will increase at a higher rate and human life will be seriously threated. In conclusion, increase life expectancy might be a danger to human life if it’s not applied properly. Another example, which is less â€Å"catastrophic† than the previous one mentioned is online education. If we look at a â€Å"hardware and internet connection timeline†, we will be able to notice that internet connection has been doubling its speed every 5 years, and hardware per capita (ie: the amount of computer/s owned by each person all over the world† has been increasing at a constant rate of 25%. This is a good fact, which also implies that online education will take place in the short term future. But isn’t this good? Research have shown that if online education would take place, students would suffer the syndrome of social isolation, which means that mental disorders would be suffered by students as a consequence of a lack of social interaction, as well as decreased happiness and welfare in society due to the unsocial students. In conclusion, besides it might increase individual productivity as students can adopt their own working patterns and practices, it represents a big problem to society. To finish off, another example is technological advancements in internet resulting in a loss of privacy. This is because there will be higher software’s available to spy other people and get into their private life, as well as the fact that the increased availability of internet in society would make all of us more interrelated. As an example, software’s will be available to steal our Facebook account or any other social network password, or if any photo is uploaded to Facebook then people might be able to see it without the publisher of the photo even knowing. In conclusion, it might be considered as a minor issue in society, but as internet and globalization has been having a remarkable growth, this danger will be more noticeable in the long term and will definitely need to be treated. In conclusion, technological advancements are always seen as a good thing but however, they might represent a real danger to society, even threatening human life to extinction. This is not because of the nature of the technological advancements, but because of its over use or misuse by society, and all the dangers these advancements generate could be easily reduced or removed with government intervention and a market that would automatically stop or reduce its consumption because it brings dangers among its consumers.

Hershey Foods Corporation Essays - Hershey, Pennsylvania

Hershey Foods Corporation Carolyn Wright Hershey Foods Corporation manufactures and distributes a wide variety of chocolate and non-chocolate confectionery products. These products include a variety of candy bars, drink mixes, peanut butter, and baking ingredients. They hold important ethics, high quality, and guarantee customer satisfaction. Hershey also participates in preserving the environment. They work hard to minimize waste, and make wrapping materials easy to dispose of responsibly by indicating on the package the proper way to recycle. They are currently the market leader in their industry. (www.hersheys.com) Hershey is a member of the Food-Confectionery Industry. The growth rate for the last five years for the industry has been 10.7%. The S&P 500 top companies have had a growth rate of 10.3% for the past five years. This means that over the past five years the Food-Confectionery Industry has had a higher growth rate than the top companies in other markets. However, Hershey had a 10.2% growth rate, which in less than top companies, and also has a lower rate than its own industry. This year Hershey Foods has had a negative 8.4% growth rate. (www.yahoo.com) This decline in growth could be due to problems that Hershey had with a new information system that was started in July. The problem with the system was that orders were not being filled due to shipping problems, which left overcrowding in warehouses. This overcrowding has increased inventory costs, and has also left customers unsatisfied. The company has predicted that the problems with the new system are fixed and inventories should be regulated in the coming quarters. There is an anticipated growth rate of 16.1% for Hershey next year. This means that the company is confident that it will grow and not decline despite their current problems with shipping. Beta measures the risk of an asset in comparison to the risk that other relative assets have. Average assets have a beta of 1.0. Betas lower than 1 have less risk than the average asset. Respectively a beta over 1 would be more risky than the average asset. Hershey Foods Corporation has a beta of .39. (www.smithbarney.com) This would indicate that investing in Hershey would be less risky than investing in the average stock. The companys stock price has remained stable over this semester. As of November 26, 1999 the stock quote is $49 9/16. Over the past two months the stock has fluctuated from $47.625 on October 15th to $52.625 on November 2nd. This is not enough of a change that would label this stock unstable. However, when I researched back to last years quotes, I found that at the end of November in 1998 the stock was at a high of $68 7/8. (www.yahoo.com) This high could have been caused by the seasonality that this company has. Hershey gets busier during back to school, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas seasons. The reason why the company has not seen highs like that this year could be do to the inventory problems that I mentioned earlier. (www.sec.gov) In August of 1997 the company made 500 million dollars of debt securities were made available. As of October of 1999 half of the securities remained available. 230 million dollars of the companys common stock was repurchased in February of 1999. This money was used to benefit Milton Hershey School. (www.sec.gov) The company holds 32.2 million dollars worth of Treasury Stock. The company currently holds 576.8 million dollars worth of debt. This can be borrowed to issue commercial paper. (www.sec.gov) In March of 1997 the company issued 6.95% notes. The money raised from these notes and other debt securities will be used to reduce ongoing debt. Funds will also be used for expanding business ventures, and paying off commercial paper borrowings. (www.sec.gov) In the year 2001 the company plans on lowering interest rates from 6.7% to 5.8% on notes that are payable in the year 2005. These notes were issued in October of 1999. A firms capitol structure can be defined by what percent current liabilities and current equity hold in the company. Hershey Food Corporation currently holds 69% debt and 31% equity. (www.smithbarney.com) This would indicate a relatively high risk when considering investing in this company. I say this because when paying dividends on

Explore the Three Laws of Thermodynamics

Explore the Three Laws of Thermodynamics The branch of science called  thermodynamics deals with systems that are able to transfer thermal energy into at least one other form of energy (mechanical, electrical, etc.) or into work. The laws of thermodynamics were developed over the years as some of the most fundamental rules which are followed when a thermodynamic system goes through some sort of energy change. History of Thermodynamics The  history of thermodynamics  begins with  Otto von Guericke  who, in 1650, built the worlds first  vacuum pump  and demonstrated a  vacuum  using his  Magdeburg hemispheres. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum to disprove  Aristotles long-held supposition that nature abhors a vacuum. Shortly after Guericke, the English physicist and chemist  Robert Boyle  had learned of Guerickes designs and, in 1656, in coordination with English scientist  Robert Hooke, built an air pump.  Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between  pressure,  temperature, and  volume. In time,  Boyles Law  was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are  inversely proportional.   Consequences of the Laws of Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics tend to be fairly easy to state and understand ... so much so that its easy to underestimate the impact they have. Among other things, they put constraints on how energy can be used in the universe. It would be very hard to over-emphasize how significant this concept is. The consequences of the laws of thermodynamics touch on almost every aspect of scientific inquiry in some way. Key Concepts for Understanding the Laws of Thermodynamics To understand the laws of thermodynamics, its essential to understand some other thermodynamics concepts that relate to them. Thermodynamics Overview - an overview of the basic principles of the field of thermodynamicsHeat Energy - a basic definition of heat energyTemperature - a basic definition of temperatureIntroduction to Heat Transfer - an explanation of various heat transfer methods.Thermodynamic Processes - the laws of thermodynamics mostly apply to thermodynamic processes, when a thermodynamic system goes through some sort of energetic transfer. Development of the Laws of Thermodynamics The study of heat as a distinct form of energy began in approximately 1798 when Sir Benjamin Thompson (also known as Count Rumford), a British military engineer, noticed that heat could be generated in proportion to the amount of work done ... a fundamental concept which would ultimately become a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics. French physicist Sadi Carnot first formulated a basic principle of thermodynamics in 1824. The principles which Carnot used to define his Carnot cycle heat engine would ultimately translate into the second law of thermodynamics by the German physicist Rudolf Clausius, who is also frequently credited with the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics. Part of the reason for the rapid development of thermodynamics in the nineteenth century was the need to develop efficient steam engines during the industrial revolution. Kinetic Theory the Laws of Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics do not particularly concern themselves with the specific how and why of heat transfer, which makes sense for laws that were formulated before the atomic theory was fully adopted. They deal with the sum total of energy and heat transitions within a system and do not take into account the specific nature of heat transference on the atomic or molecular level. The Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics This zeroeth law is sort of transitive property of thermal equilibrium. The transitive property of mathematics says that if A B and B C, then A C. The same is true of thermodynamic systems that are in  thermal equilibrium. One consequence of the zeroeth law is the idea that measuring  temperature  has any meaning whatsoever. In order to measure temperature,  thermal equilibrium  must be  reached between the thermometer as a whole, the mercury inside the thermometer, and the substance being measured. This, in turn, results in being able to accurately tell what the temperature of the substance is. This law was understood without being explicitly stated through much of the history of thermodynamics study, and it was only realized that it was a law in its own right at the beginning of the 20th century. It was British physicist Ralph H. Fowler who first coined the term zeroeth  law, based on a belief that it was more fundamental even than the other laws. The First Law of Thermodynamics Though this may sound complex, its really a very simple idea. If you add heat to a system, there are only two things that can be done change the  internal energy  of the system or cause the system to do work (or, of course, some combination of the two). All of the heat energy must go into doing these things. Mathematical Representation of the First Law Physicists typically use uniform conventions for representing the quantities in the first law of thermodynamics. They are: U1  (or  Ui) initial internal energy at the start of the processU2  (or  Uf) final internal energy at the end of the processdelta-U  Ã‚  U2  -  U1   Change in internal energy (used in cases where the specifics of beginning and ending internal energies are irrelevant)Q  Ã‚  heat  transferred into (Q   0) or out of (Q   0) the systemW  Ã‚  work  performed by the system (W   0) or on the system (W   0). This yields a mathematical representation of the first law which proves very useful and can be rewritten in a couple of useful ways: The analysis of a  thermodynamic process, at least within a physics classroom situation, generally involves analyzing a situation where one of these quantities is either 0 or at least controllable in a reasonable manner. For example, in an  adiabatic process, the heat transfer (Q) is equal to 0 while in an  isochoric process  the work (W) is equal to 0. The First Law Conservation of Energy The  first law  of thermodynamics is seen by many as the foundation of the concept of conservation of energy. It basically says that the energy that goes into a system cannot be lost along the way, but has to be used to do something ... in this case, either  change  internal energy or perform work. Taken in this view, the first law of thermodynamics is one of the most far-reaching scientific concepts ever discovered. The Second Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics:The second law of thermodynamics is formulated in many ways, as will be addressed shortly, but is basically a law which - unlike most other laws in physics - deals not with how to do something, but rather deals entirely with placing a restriction on what can be done. It is a law that says nature constrains us from getting certain kinds of outcomes without putting a lot of work into it, and as such is also closely tied to the  concept of the conservation of energy, much as the first law of thermodynamics is. In practical applications, this law means that any  heat engine  or similar device based  on  the principles of thermodynamics cannot, even in theory, be 100% efficient. This principle was first illuminated by the French physicist and engineer Sadi Carnot, as he developed his  Carnot cycle  engine in 1824, and was later formalized  as a law of thermodynamics  by German physicist Rudolf Clausius. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is perhaps the most popular outside of the realm of  physics because it is closely related to the concept of  entropy or the disorder created during a thermodynamic process. Reformulated as a statement regarding entropy, the second law reads: In any closed system, in other words, each time a system goes through a thermodynamic process, the system can never completely return to precisely the same state it was in before. This is one definition used for the  arrow of  time since entropy of the universe will always increase over time according to the second law of thermodynamics. Other Second Law Formulations A cyclic transformation whose only final result is to transform heat extracted from a source which is at the same temperature throughout into work is impossible. - Scottish physicist William Thompson ( A cyclic transformation whose only final result is to transfer heat from a body at a given temperature to a body at a higher temperature is impossible. - German physicist Rudolf Clausius All the above formulations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics are equivalent statements of the same fundamental principle. The Third Law of Thermodynamics The third law of thermodynamics is essentially a statement about the ability to create an  absolute  temperature scale, for which  absolute zero  is the point at which the internal energy of a solid is precisely 0. Various sources show the following three potential formulations of the  third law  of thermodynamics: It is impossible to reduce any system to absolute zero in a finite series of operations.The entropy of a perfect crystal of an element in its most stable form tends to zero as the temperature approaches  absolute zero.As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant What the Third Law Means The third law means a few things, and again all of these formulations result in the same outcome depending upon how much you take into account: Formulation 3 contains the least restraints, merely stating that entropy goes to a constant. In fact, this constant is zero entropy (as stated in formulation 2). However, due to quantum constraints on any physical system, it will collapse into its lowest quantum state but never be able to perfectly reduce to 0 entropy, therefore it is impossible to reduce a physical system to absolute zero in a finite number of steps (which yields us formulation 1).

Observance of Religious Holidays Research Paper

Observance of Religious Holidays - Research Paper Example Research Problem The research problem is, â€Å"Study the history of observance of religious holidays. Explore the pros and cons of observing religious holidays, the policies of the schools and educational institutions, the legal issues involved and the steps taken by the administrators in observing religious holidays†. Literature review According to the pages of history, United Sates which was a land of few religions in 1776 developed into a country that professes countless religious beliefs throughout the nation. The children reading in the schools and colleges, staffs working in the offices are of different religions and vary largely from each other. The observance of religious holidays has thus turned into an area of concern for the college and the society. There are various pros and cons related to the observance of religious holidays. The observance of religious holidays is a sentimental issue and is dealt with sensitivity towards the people of different religions. The r eligious holidays observed by the different religions are creating a situation of conflict and confusion (American Academy of Religion, 2013). The increase in the number of religions leads to the increase in the number of religious holidays which is a point of concern as it poses a problem in the daily work of the schools and in the process of public education. The only way to bring a common solution to the problem of observing religious holidays in schools is to undertake a discussion that takes into account the points of similarity and differences in all the religions. The school must undertake policies to show respect to all the religions and display a... This paper approves that the increase in the number of holidays leads to the loss of working days which impacts the delivery of academic curriculum. Apart from this, the grant of excusal requests by the students and parents for absence on religious occasions is difficult to deny as this might create discontent among a section of the population. The teachings on the ideas of different religions and the observance and understanding of the respect shown to the religious ideas and beliefs could create misimpression and biased behavior among a certain segment of the students and the teachers. This report makes a conclusion that the schools and the institutions determine the policies on the observance of the religious holidays which is in line with the legal regulations in the field. The policies of the school endorse secular attitude with equal importance and respect to all the religions. The administrators play an important role in executing the policies. The administrator is responsible to conduct a survey on religious sentiments of the population and display sensitivity in dealing with the religious idea and beliefs. The inclusion of the religious learning and observance of religious holidays in the academic curriculum helps in development of understanding of the culture and history of the land. The observance of religious holidays is also done in a manner that it do not interfere the main goal of academic process in the schools. Thus observance of religious holidays in a tactical manner helps in maintaining a healthy learning environment and fosters the growth of educ ation process in the schools and the institutions.

Is female genital mutilation a religious requirementbelief in Islam Research Proposal

Is female genital mutilation a religious requirementbelief in Islam - Research Proposal Example Women who did not undergo the procedure may have a hard time looking for a partner. This implies that women who failed to meet the expectation of men will have to suffer perpetual wretchedness. FGM was practiced in some African nations where it had originated and soon adapted by other followers of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The concoction of these religions who believe in this procedure raised a question on other ardent followers why had these been enjoined in their faith which is very superfluous when basing it in the Holy Book everyone is adhering to. Neither there is a clear substantial basis why this mutilating process occurred. Male circumcision is long been practiced since the time of Abraham. It is to promote cleanliness among male individuals. However, there was no established rationale whatsoever that circumcision binds men to God although Christ himself was also circumcised and several notable apostles have undergone the same. In the contemporary life, this practiced is warranted since it has to do with hygienic condition. Male circumcision is widely accepted and is never being questioned. ... Female circumcision was practiced prior to the birth of Islam which precisely implies that it was not stated therein in the book of Qur'an that circumcision is also through with females. However some FGM advocates quoted this weak proposition: "Um Atiyyat al-Ansariyyah said: A woman used to perform circumcision in Medina. The Prophet (pbuh) said to her: Do not cut too severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband".1. It is in this text lies the foundation of FGM wherein it is deem important in Sunnah or Tradition of the Prophet to follow the custom of women's circumcision. Several sayings from the prophet Muhammad also surface concurring the FGM practice. However there was no clear statement to confirm the situation as it only states the correct derivation of pleasure. It was on the interpretation surmise the event of female circumcision. Thus there was no authenticity to validate such practice. Part of those who practice female circumcision are Muslims but some religions practice the same. It is part of their tradition to conduct this act without any luminous reason. Cultural reasons dominate over religious traditions although some fervent believers are most likely to adhere on the tradition; it is still an immense question as to what is the point behind the unrelenting practice that until now millions of women are mutilated. Several indicators include: "That female circumcision is rampant in Christian nations such as Kenya and Ethiopia". "That forced female circumcisions are true in all faiths abovementioned. It is a common practice in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sierra Leone and Sudan". "That FGM was once practiced by Ethiopian Jews known as that Falashas. However

FTIR spectroscopy of SO2

FTIR spectroscopy of SO2 Abstract In this lab, the IR spectrum of SO2 gas was taken. The spectrum was then used to determine which peaks corresponded to the vibrational modes of SO2 ­. Once the modes had been determined, the experimental wavenumbers of the v1 and v3 modes and the overtones were used to determine the anharmonicity of the two different modes. While there was a difference between the two modes anharmonicity, overall there was not a significant difference. The modes and their corresponding wavenumbers were also used to calculate the force constants of SO2. The experimental data produced a force constant k1 with 3.112% error while the kÃŽ ´/l2 constant had a 2.963% error. Introductions IR spectroscopy is the detection of a transmittance or absorption intensity of change as a function of frequency1. In recent years, Fourier transform spectrometers replaced the traditional dispersive spectrometer because they are faster and more sensitive. They have made it possible to analyze many areas which were not possible with the dispersive spectrophotometer. The difference is the simultaneous examination of all frequencies. The three basic spectrometer components in a FT system are the radiation source, interferometer and detector. The radiation source in precision FTIR instruments is often water-cooled in give it more power and stability2. Figure 1. shows a diagram of the interferometer and the schematics of the spectrophotometer as a whole. The interferometer has the following three components: a moving mirror, fixed mirror, and a beamsplitter.. The beamsplitter is a semireflecting geranium thin film of small particles deposited on flat KBr substrate. Radiation from the broadband IR source is focused into the interferometer, and hits the beamsplitter. Once the beam hits the beam splitter, half of it is transmitted to the fixed mirror while the other half is transmitted to the moving mirror. The changing position of the moving mirror relative to the fixed one generates an interference pattern and causes the two beams to oscillate in and out of phase. When the beams are in phase, there is a constructive interference resulting in the maximum detector response. However, when the beam is out of phase, there is a deconstructive interference between the two beams. Once they have been reflected from both mirrors, they recombi ne at the beam splitter. The recombined beam passes through the sample and then focuses on the detector2. The intensity of the radiation hitting the detector will vary in a sinusoidal manner while the mirror is moving at constant velocity. The record of the interference signal is the interferogram and is a time domain spectrum. The detectors response changes versus time within the mirror scan are recorded. When a sample absorbs at a certain frequency, the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave reduces proportionally to the amount of sample in the beam. In an IR spectrophotometer, this process happens in three component frequencies, which creates a more complex interferogram2. To convert these interferogram recordings to the IR spectrum, a Fourier transformation is used. Small, precise intervals are used during the mirror scan. The rate of the sampling behavior is controlled by a monochromatic beam produced by a helium neon laser focused on a separate detector2. For this analysis, the mid IR spectrophotometer utilized a KBr beamsplitter and a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector. MCT detectors are photon detector with a dependence on the quantum nature of radiation. They also exhibit very fast responses. They must be at a constant temperature of 77^(o)K, the temperature of liquid nitrogen. It is faster and more sensitive than the alternative detector, the deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) 2, which was used for the far IR analysis. The cell used to hold the SO2 gas can be seen in Figure 2. A molecules energy can be split into three components: the electrons motion, the constituent atoms vibrations and the whole rotation of the molecule. While electronic transitions happen on a short timescale, rotational transitions happen on a longer time scale. When a molecule is placed in an electromagnetic field, such as light, energy from the light is transferred from the field to the molecule. This happens upon the satisfaction of Bohrs frequency condition: ΔE = hv When a molecule is excited from one state to another, the energy difference between the two states is absorbed by the molecule. When the molecule reverts back to the previous state, the change in energy which was absorbed upon excitation is then emitted1*. A molecule will be excited by photons which possess the appropriate energy3. Vibrational transitions are observed in the infrared (IR) spectra which are about the 103 ~ 104 cm-1 region. These transitions are caused by the vibration of the nuclei constituting the molecule. The rotational transitions occur at 1-103 cm-1 region, the microwave region, while the electronic transitions occur at 104-106 cm-1 region, the UV-visible region. As the vibrational quantum number v increases, the rotational intervals tend to decrease. The vibrational fine structure of electronic transitions can give insight to the structural and bonding information about molecules which are electronically excited1*. A system displaced from its equilibrium force will be restored due to a restoring force provided by the elasticity of the system. However, there is a property of inertia which causes the system to over correct for the displacement. The back and forth actions of elasticity and inertia cause the system to have oscillatory motion4. When the potential energy is graphed versus the internuclear separation, a perfect harmonic oscillator forms a parabola. The energy spacing in a harmonic oscillator does not change throughout the well of the parabola and is equal to hω where ω=km12 and the zero point energy is Eo= 12hω When a system is not a perfect harmonic oscillator, it is considered anharmonic. Anharmonicity forces the right side of the parabola to widen and asymptotically approach zero. The spaces between the permitted states are not evenly spaced as they were in the harmonic system5. The comparison of the two graphs can be seen if Figure 3. One of the possible ways to calculate xe, a term which shows the anharmonicity of a system is to graph ?G/? versus (?+1). This yields a graph with an equation as follows ΔGv=v+ 1xeve+ ve By dividing the xeve term by ve, the xe term is found. The larger this number, the more anharmonic the system is and vise versa5. Covalent bonds of molecules are not rigid as ball and stick models would suggest, but rather they can be compared to stiff springs which are capable of stretching and bending. More energy is required to stretch and compress a bond than it does to bend it. There is a direct relationship between the energy or frequency which characterizes the stretching vibration of a bond and the bond dissociation energy3. The major factors which are influencial in the stretching frequency of a covalent bond can be seen in the following equation: v = 12rck(m1+m2)m1+m2 where v is the frequency, k is the force constant, c is the speed of light, and m1 and m2 are the masses of the two atoms on each end of the bond. This equation corresponds to the rigidness of the oscillation. However, it should be noted that not all molecular vibrations are capable of being observed in the infrared region. In order to be seen in an IR spectrum, a vibration must cause a change in the dipole of a molecule. This change in charge distribution allows the molecule to absorb infrared light. There is a proportional relationship between the change in charge distribution and the absorption: the greater the change, the stronger the absorption3. All vibrating physical objects have a set of normal modes6. A normal mode can be defined as a simple harmonic oscillation which occurs about an area which is local and low in energy. The normal modes are determined by the systems structure R and its energy function V(R ). Any motion can be expressed as a superposition of normal modes when a pure harmonic V(R ) is being considered. However, the near minimum potential can still be approximated by a harmonic potential for an anharmonic V(R ). Also, small-amplitude motions can still be described by the sum of normal modes. This means that all systems behave harmonically at low temperatures7. For SO2, it is necessary to have nine Cartesian coordinates in order to determine the positions of all three nuclei. Therefore, the molecule is considered to have nine nuclear degrees of freedom. The first three are necessary to describe the position of the center of mass of the molecule. If these three degrees change, it represents the translational movement of the molecule in space. The next three degrees of freedom refer to the orientation of the molecule. These three degrees can be described as the angles of the molecule. If these three degrees change, then the molecule has rotated. The three remaining coordinates are those used to describe the relative positions of the three atoms. These are called vibrational coordinates8. To describe the vibrations of a bent trigonal molecule, it makes sense to use the valence coordinates. The valence coordinates consist of the two bond lengths and the bond angle. However, they do possess a drawback. If energy is put into a bond so that it stretches, to observe how the molecule reacts is difficult due to the energy put into the stretched bond quickly flowing into the vibrations of the other bond in the molecule. Because of this, it is said that the stretching of a single bond and other vibrational motions are coupled8. By varying the coordinates, which are the linear combinations of changes in the bond lengths and bond angles, a good uncoupled approximation can be made. These coordinates are called the normal coordinates. Motions which take place in these coordinates are appropriately called normal modes of vibration. The center of mass does not move in these coordinates8. A non symmetric molecule with N number of atoms will have 3N-6 normal modes. This means SO2 will have 3(3)-6 = 3 normal modes. The normal modes for SO2 can be seen in Figure 3. The symmetric stretch is labeled as v1, the bend is labeled v2, and the asymmetric stretch is labeled v3. When a molecule is exhibiting one of the vibrational modes, it travels the path indicated by the arrow, stops, and then returns back to its starting position8. It is possibly to express the three normal modes as a potential-energy function written in terms of bond stretching and angle bending as shown in the following equation: V = 12k1(R1-Re)2+ 12k1(R1-Re)2+ 12kb(ÃŽ ¸-ÃŽ ¸e)2 where R1 and R2 are the first and second bond length of S-O, Re is the equilibrium S-O bond length, ? is the bond angle of O-S-O, and ?e is the equilibrium value. The constants ks and kb ­ are for the stretching and bending respectively9 ­. Though the derivations are difficult, it was found that the following equations are derived from eq. (1) and are used to calculate both constants: 4r2v32 = 1+2momssin2ÃŽ ±k1mo 16r4v12v22 = 21+2momssin2k1moÃŽ ±kÃŽ ´l2 4r2v12+v22 = 1+2momscos2ÃŽ ±k1mo+2mo1+2momssin2ÃŽ ±kÃŽ ´l2 where v# is the wavenumber of that particular mode, 4?3 is expressed as 5. 8918E-5 in order to obtain units of Nm-1, mo is the mass of oxygen, ms is the mass of sulfur, ? is 59.75^(o), and k?/l2 is the same as the kb constant used in equation (6)10. Diatomic molecules possess only one vibrational coordinate which is quantized. This means that only specific results will be obtained for the value of the vibration. The quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator upon first approximation gives the allowed levels of a diatomic molecule. Polyatomic molecules are similar. Each normal mode has quantized energy, and can be approximated by the harmonic oscillator model when at low energy levels. The frequencies associated with bending tend to be lower than the frequencies associated with stretching10. It is possible to see normal modes via IR spectroscopy if they have a change in dipole in the molecule when it stretches or bends10. All of the normal modes in SO2 are IR active and therefore can all be seen in the IR spectrum at the fundamental frequency. It is possible to observe other weak bands in the spectrum which are a result of overtones. Overtones occur because anharmonicities. They usually happen at integer multiples of 2 or 3 of the fundamental frequencies and are caused by two modes being simultaneously excited10. These bands are located at frequencies which are approximately the sum or difference of the two modes which were excited and are weak10. Method About 1.5g of drierite was weighed out and placed in the barrel of a syringe and the plunger was inserted almost entirely into the barrel. A 3 cm piece of rubber tubing was attached to the tip of the syringe. A 1.5 g of sodium hydrogen sulfite was measured and placed in a vial cap that was small enough to fit into the syringe barrel. The filled vial cap was then into the syringe using a bent spatula to prevent the sodium hydrogen sulfite from spilling into the barrel. The plunger was pushed into the syringe as far as it would go. To ensure that none of the sodium hydrogen sulfite was spilled, the syringe was placed tip down in a beaker. The next step was placing 15 mL of 6 M HCl into a small beaker. All of the acid was then drawn into the syringe containing the vial cap very carefully as to not let any of the acid mix with the sodium hydrogen sulfite. The plastic lid was then screwed onto the syringe. Once the cap was secure on the tip, the syringe was shaken so that the acid and the sodium hydrogen sulfite mixed. As SO2 gas was being produced, the plunger on the syringe was pulled out simultaneously. The high pressure of the gas in the syringe caused the cap on the tip to leak so it was necessary to apply pressure to the tip to prevent it from spitting acid out. Once the reaction had stopped producing gas, the syringe was inverted so that the tip was pointing up and the liquid was at the bottom of the barrel. The cap was removed and the tip was connected to the other end of the rubber tubing attached to the syringe containing drierite. At this point the syringe containing drierite was above the syringe containing the SO2 gas. As the plunger in the bottom syringe was being pushed in, the plunger in the top syringe was being pulled out; making sure no liquid was pushed through the tubing and into the top syringe. The top syringe, now containing the SO2 gas, was capped and allowed to sit for five minutes in order for the drierite to dry the SO2 gas. The excess HCl in the reaction syringe was expelled into a waste beaker. 15 mL of NaOH was placed in a beaker and then drawn up into the syringe in order to destroy any remaining SO2. The NaOH was then also expelled into the waste beaker. After the syringe containing the gas had sat for five minutes, the IR gas cell was placed in the hood. The syringe containing the SO2 was then attached connected to the gas cell using another piece of rubber tubing. Both stopcocks on the gas cell were opened and the gas was pushed into the cell. Both stopcocks were then immediately closed to prevent any of the SO2 from leaking out. A spectrum in the range of 700-2500 cm-1 was obtained using an FTIR spectrophotometer. In order to get a good spectrum from the mid IR range, the cell was undiluted. However, to obtain a good spectrum in the far IR range, it was necessary to dilute the gas cell. Once the spectrum had been obtained, the gas cell was placed inside a fume hood. Both stopcocks were opened up and a syringe was used to flush air through the gas cell. The gas cell was then placed in a vacuum sealed dessicator with the stopcocks open in order to dry out any moisture that may have entered the cell during the experiment. Results The IR spectra of SO2 can be seen in Figure 5. By looking at what wavenumbers the peaks appeared at, it could be concluded which peak corresponded to each vibrational mode of SO2. The bending of a molecule happens at lower wavenumbers, so it was concluded that graph in the top right corner corresponds to the ?2 vibration. It was known from literature that the stretches occur somewhere between 1000 and 1500 cm-1 so the graph in the bottom right must correspond to the overtones of SO2s ?3 and ?1 modes. It is known that asymmetric stretches always correspond to higher wavenumbers. So it was concluded that the next two peaks on the spectrum were ?1 and ?3 respectively. The actual experimental wavelengths of each mode can be seen it Table 1. There are two overtones present, one from the ?1 mode and another from the ?3 mode. The lower frequency overtone corresponds to the lower-frequency mode. Thus the lowest overtone is that of ?1 while the second seen overtone comes from the ?2 mode. Using the experimental wavenumbers for each mode, both constants could be found using eq. (7) first to solve for k1. This values was calculated to be 1000.858 Nm-1. The litereature value is 1033 Nm-1 and the percent error in the experimental value was 3.112% The calculated value of k1 was then used in eq. (8) to find the k?/l3 constant. The second constant was calculated to be 78.60 Nm-1. Literature value for this constant is 81 Nm-1 and the percent error in the experimental calculation was 2.963%. To evaluate the effectiveness of this method for finding the constants, both sides of eq. (9) were solved for. The left side equaled 93.77 Nm-1 while the right side equaled 95.54 Nm-1. The percent difference between these two values is 1.85%. In order to determine the harmonicity of each of the modes of vibration, the ve and vexe values were calculated. This was done by graphing ?G/v versus (v + 1) in Microsoft Excel. The ?G corresponds to the wavenumber of the overtone seen on the IR spectrum. ?G was then divided by v. The overtones corresponded to v=2 while the normal mode bands corresponded to ?=1. Graphs for both the ?1 mode and ?2 mode can be seen in Figure 6. Excel was then used to fit a trend line and produce a y = mx + b equation for the data. The slope of the equation was vexe and the intercept was ve. To determine the anharmonicity of the two modes, it was necessary to solve for xe. This was done using eq (4). The calculated values for xe in the ?1 mode was 1.0612 and for the ?3 mode was 0.07891. This means that the ?1 mode is more anharmonic than the ?3 mode. Conclusion For this lab, SO2 ­ was prepared and then studied via FTIR spectroscopy. The three modes of SO2 were identified on the IR spectra obtained. It was determined that the lowest energy of bending correlated to the lowest frequency peak. The second highest frequency peak was determined to be ?1 since the symmetric stretch is lower in energy than the asymmetric stretch (?3) which is the third highest frequency peak. The wavelengths determined from the IR spectra were used to calculate the constants k1 and k?/l3. It was determined from the numbers crunched from eq. (6) that the used method of determining the constants was an accurate method. Also, the anharmonicity of the modes ?1 and ?2 were calculated and compared. The graph of ?G/vversus (v + 1) produce an equation of y = mx + b which provided the values of xeve and v ­e. These values were then used to find xe, which described the anharmonicity of each mode. The ?1 mode was found to be more anharmonic due to its greater xe value whil e the ?3 was found to be more harmonic. Refrences What is Infrared Spectroscopy?. (n.d.). Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~mlyount/MySites/ForensicSpectroscopy/WhatIsIR.html Nakamoto, Kazuo.Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds. Sixth Edition ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons, Inc., 2009. Print. Hsu, S. (n.d.). Infrared Spectroscopy. prenhall.com. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from www.prenhall.com/settle/chapters/ch15.pdf Chem.msu.edu. (n.d.). Nature of Vibrational Spectroscopy. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from 2http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/irspec1.htm#ir1 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator. (n.d.). PAWS Personal Accessible Web Space Kettering University. Retrieved December 12, 2009, from http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/SHO/mass.html Atkins, P., Friedman, R., Paula, J. D. (2008). Rotational and Vibrational Spectra. Quanta, Matter and Change: A Molecular Appraoch to Physical Change (pp. 315-318). New York: W. H. Freeman. Normal mode Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_mode Normal Mode (Harmonic) Analysis. (n.d.). Center for Molecular Modeling. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://cmm.cit.nih.gov/intro_simulation/node26.html Vibrational Spectroscopy. (n.d.). med.upenn.edu. Retrieved December 10, 2009, from www.med.upenn.edu/bmbgrad/Faculty/Master_List/Vanderkooi/course_notes/8.vibrational.pdf Sulfer Dioxide Vibration. (n.d.). d.umn.edu. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from www.d.umn.edu/~psiders/courses/chem4644/labinstructions/SO2spartan.pdf Infrared Spectroscopy of SO2. (n.d.). Spectroscopy and Structure Chem 4591. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from 3http://www.colorado.edu/chemistry/chem4581_91/SO2.pdf

Health Care” Right or Privilege” Essay

There has been an active debate about health care reform among many Americans in the United States. Some the recent concerns and questions involving a right to health care are access, fairness, efficiency, cost, choice, value, and quality. Health Care† Right or Privilege† Health care in the United States is provided by many separate legal entities. Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by the private sector. Health insurance is now primarily provided by the government in the public sector, with 60-65% of healthcare provision and spending coming from programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration (â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). In the United States, ownership of the health care system is mainly in private hands, though federal, state, county, and city governments also own certain facilities. The non-profit hospitals share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about 70%) for decades. There are also privately owned for-profit hospitals as well as government hospitals in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments. There is no nationwide system of government-owned medical facilities open to the general public but there are local government-owned medical facilities open to the general public. The federal Department of Defense operates field hospitals as well as permanent hospitals (the Military Health System), to provide military-funded care to active military personnel. The federal Veterans Health Administration operates VA hospitals open only to veterans, though veterans who seek medical care for conditions they did not receive while serving in the military are charged for services(â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). Hospitals provide some outpatient care in their emergency rooms and specialty clinics, but primarily exist to provide inpatient care. Hospital emergency departments and urgent care centers are sources of sporadic problem-focused care. Surgery centers are examples of specialty clinics. Hospice services for the terminally ill who are expected to live six months or less are most commonly subsidized by charities and government. Prenatal, family planning, and â€Å"dysplasia† clinics are government-funded obstetric and gynecologic specialty clinics respectively, and are usually staffed by nurse practitioners (â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). Over 45 million Americans are uninsured or underinsured. Those living in poverty exhibit the worst health status. Employment, education, income, and race are important factors in a person’s ability to acquire healthcare access. Having established that there are people lacking healthcare access due to multi-factorial etiologies, the question arises as to whether the intervention necessary to assist them in obtaining such access should be considered a privilege, or a right(â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011). An active debate about health care reform in the United States concerns questions of a right to health care, access, fairness, efficiency, cost, choice, value, and quality. Some have argued that the system does not deliver equivalent value for the money spent. The USA pays twice as much yet lags behind other wealthy nations in such measures as infant mortality and life expectancy, though the relation between these statistics to the system itself is debated. Currently, the USA has a higher infant mortality rate than most of the world’s industrialized nations and life expectancy is ranked 42nd in the world. (â€Å"Health care in the United States.,† 2011) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is a United States federal statute signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. The law (along with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010) is the principal health care reform legislative action of the 111th United States Congress (à ¢â‚¬Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011). A majority of the states, and numerous organizations and individual persons, have filed actions in federal court challenging the constitutionality of PPACA. As of September 2011, federal appellate courts are almost evenly divided on the constitutional issues raised in this litigation; at the district court level, three judges upheld the constitutionality of PPACA and three declared it unconstitutional, in part. PPACA includes numerous provisions to take effect over several years beginning in 2010(â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011). Perhaps the biggest disappointment of our legislative and executive branches of government in the creation of â€Å"Obama Care† is that they lacked vision and a concrete understanding of the bigger picture when crafting and ‘pushing’ this new agenda. With a broad brush assessment, we can see that the architects of â€Å"Obama Care† failed in addressing the following two areas: Bridging Safety loophole s that needlessly lead to over 100,000 medical-related deaths and hundreds of thousands more in injuries in American medical institutions each year. Propagating the misperception that a one-tiered, national health system plan, with greater centralized control, can work somehow ‘better’. One of the provisions I disagree with is the shared responsibility requirement, commonly called an individual mandate, it requires that nearly all persons not covered by Medicaid, Medicare, or other insurance programs purchase and comply with an approved insurance policy or pay a penalty. The only people exempt from the mandate are individuals of recognized religious sects or those individuals able to obtain a waiver from the Internal Revenue Service in cases of financial hardship(â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011) . The Act’s provisions are intended to be funded by a variety of taxes and offsets. Major sources of new revenue include a much-broadened Medicare tax on incomes over $200,000 and $250,000, for individual and joint filers respectively, an annual fee on insurance providers, and a 40% tax o n â€Å"Cadillac† insurance policies. There are also taxes on pharmaceuticals, high-cost diagnostic equipment, and a federal sales tax on indoor tanning services. Total new tax revenue from the Act will amount to $409.2 billion over the next 10 years. $78 billion will be realized before the end of fiscal 2014(â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,† 2011). I have two problems with what many Americans now refer to as â€Å"Obama Care†, one I am no fan of paying higher taxes. Any economist will tell you that raising taxes does not stimulate economic growth and without economic growth people will continue to spend less, businesses will not hire new employees or expand, and the unemployment rate will continue to rise. Also an increased unemployment rate means more people in need of government assistance, along with more Americans unable to afford health care. So in short our government is going to raise taxes to give all Americans health care which will in effect cause more Americans to become unemplo yed and lose there health care and become subject to a penalty. Sounds like the democratic version of utopia is nothing more than a double edge sword doomed for failure. The concept of utopia is an unrealistic dream; for each person’s vision of utopia is different. The other problem I have with Obama’s centralized health care plan is that we are letting government dictate what we as American have to purchase or be subject to a fine if we do not comply. Our constitution states each person has the right to pursue happiness, it does not say the government should or could guarantee it, just that you have to right to pursue it. Some people suggest making healthcare mandatory is the same as having to purchase automobile insurance, the only problem with this type of thinking is that you do not have to drive or own a car. If you choose not to, no one fines you for it. I view health care as a right in respect that I have the right to purchase health care or to choose not too. I believe all Americans have the right to choice and should not be fined or penalized if they choose to exercise that right. Too many people today view our government as a separate entity and believe that it owes them something. We as Americans are in fact the government, for we are a government of the people for the people. References Health care in the United States. (2011). In . Retrieved October 24, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_the_United_States&oldid=456210485 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. (2011). In . Retrieved October 24, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act&oldid=456759152

Lab 3 Determinates of Water Hardness

Determination of Water Hardness Using a Titrator Heather Crall Chemistry 1 SMT- 271044 10/17/2012 Abstract From seeing all of my results and conclusion I now see that I didn’t understand this lab very well and that its not easy when others try to help. Since I have hard water it tells me that my water flows over and through rocks and minerals, like limestone. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the concept of water hardness. We learn that hard water contains high levels of dissolved minerals that are in the form of metallic ions.Most of Ohio which is the state I live in either has moderately hard water or hard water. For as my town the city is moderate and the country is hard. Procedure 1) Put safety things on 2) Place the stopcock in the closed position on the end of the titrator and fill with 10 mL of EDTA solution. 3) Put a crumpled up paper towel under the titrator and allow a few drops of the solution to fall into the towel. This way it fills the ti p of the titrator then close and throw the towel away. Then place the 100 mL beaker under the setup. 4) Use the graduated cylinder to measure exactly 10 mL of tap water from your sink. ) Pour the tap water into the beaker then add 5 drops of pH 10 buffer solution. Swirl carefully the mixture in the beaker. 6) Read the volume of EDTA in the titrator and record the initial volume. Then slowly open the stopcock and add 1 drop at a time while swirling the mixture.7) Once the solution turns a pale blue-gray color turn the stopcock off then record the final volume in the titrator. 8) Repeat steps 4-7 and fill in Table 1. 9) Pour the rest of the contents down the drain Data Data Table 1: EDTA titration volume| | Initial EDTA Volume (mL)| Final EDTA Volume (mL)| Total Volume of EDTA Used (mL)| Trial 1| 9 mL| 7. mL| 1. 6 mL| Trial 2| 8 mL| 6. 6 mL| 1. 4 mL| Trial 3| 7mL| 5. 2 mL| 1. 8 mL| Average Volume of EDTA Used (mL): 1. 6 mL | Data Table 2: Water Hardness| Average Volume of EDTA Used (m L)| Concentration Ca^2+ ions per Liter of Water (mol/L)| Water Hardness (ppm CaCO3)| 1. 6 mL| 0. 015 mol/L| 1,500. 9 ppm CaCO3| Results A) Based on the analysis of your local water, would you classify its hardness as soft, moderate, hard, or very hard? Explain your answer. My water is moderately hard even though it’s the city we still have plumbing problems due to our soil and the minerals in our town.The country all has hard water so the deal with rust and bigger clogs than the city. B) Approximately how much calcium would you ingest by drinking eight 8-oz glasses of your local water? HINT: 1 oz(fluid ounces) =29. 57 mL 8oz= 236. 56 236. 56*8= 1,892. 48 mL Conclusion In conclusion it seems as though my results have come to show that I have very hard water when looking at the last graph but to have it say 1,500 tells me that my results is potentially incorrect. From what I understand it shows that the calcium carbonate is very high in my town.

The Fight For Equal Marriage - 1292 Words

The fight for equal marriage rights has been one of great length. Although this topic only brought to attention of the Supreme Court in 2015, gay marriage has long been a topic of interest in American society. Prior to 2015, gay marriage was only acknowledged and legal in select states, not nationwide. This caused great distress and heartache. One case in particular, the case that was brought to the supreme court, is very representative of such dejection. The subjects of such case are James Obergefell and John Arthur of Ohio. In 2013, the two were legally married in Maryland. Shortly after, however, Mr. Arthur grew terminally ill, and eventually passed away. Due to Ohio state laws, the state refused to put â€Å"married† on Mr. Arthur’s death†¦show more content†¦Hodges 40-41). Based off of these cases, there has clearly been great perplexion as to how homosexuality should be viewed and treated. Which leads to the controversy of gay marriage, and Obergefell v. Hodges. Obergefell v. Hodges was the Supreme Court case of 2015, which ultimately granted equal marriage rights to same-sex couples. Obergefell was arguing in favor of equal marriage rights, while Hodges had an opposing argument. This case was brought to the Supreme Court after the state of Ohio refused to put a married status on the death certificate of James Obergefell’s late husband in 2013. Theodore Wymyslo, James Obergefell’s defendant in the original Ohio case, appealed the ruling against Obergefell, which led to the case being pushed to higher courts throughout 2014, eventually reaching the Supreme Court in 2015 (LGBT Rights on the Docket). In the Obergefell v. Hodges case, Obergefell’s side discussed topics such as the expansion of marriage and gay rights, the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and the undeniable rights associated with marriage in their argument. 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