Security and Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Security and Privacy - Essay Example By information we indicate data that have been produced into the structure that is consequential and useful to the human beings (Kenneth, 1999). Modern technology poses innovative confronts to the protection of individual privacy which existing (Kenneth, 1999). This section will provide the basic insight in to the problem situation that leads to development of this information policy. It is observed on numerous occasions, personnel working late observed the cleaning staff reading discarded printouts. This is really wrong client information exploitation. The administration at St. John’s Hospital takes pride in its sound policies and procedures for the protection of confidential client information. In fact, it serves as a model for other institutions in the area. There is need for the protection of the information and development of the effective information policy. Privacy is the declaration of individuals to be theft alone, free from observation or intrusion from other individuals of organizations as well as the state. Declarations to privacy are also caught up at the place of work. Information technology and system pressure individual declarations to privacy by making the incursion of privacy inexpensive, cost-effective, and efficient (Kenneth, 1999). The information security risk can be defined as the concentration of affect on organization processes (encompassing operational tasks, illustrations, or status), organization possessions, or individuals ensuing from the procedure of an business information arrangement offers the possible influence of a hazard and the probability of that intimidation occurring (Rebecca, 2007). In the above section the possible hazard situations are presented. Such situations can lead us towards lot of possible information exploitation cases. For instance, several workers can take information regarding any patient and blackmail him for

Legal Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Case Analysis - Research Paper Example The issue was framed on the state’s authority to control private commercial enterprises that justified itself on protecting the health of children and women. The proceedings of this case clearly elaborated how children and women worked, and conditions of the factories they worked at as found by the Chief Factory Inspector, Florence Kelley, and her staff. The hearing and testimonies presented in the court constituted the truthful record that formed the foundation of the appeal to the Supreme Court (Ritchie v. People (1895). The laws established that the case was still in effect until the Supreme Court of United State decided that the case was in favor of the National Consumers League. This was according to Muller v. Oregon judgment that was handed over on 24 February, 1908. Soon after the United Stated Supreme conclusion in Muller v. Oregon, Louis Brandeis, the attorney in the National Consumers League, claimed that before the Supreme Court had a hearing challenging the constit utionality of the recently enacted Illinois law modeled precisely upon Oregon law that was upheld by the United States Supreme Court. It was a fair decision since that case of Ritchie v. ... Fifteen years later, the decision became a legal nullity, even though the opinion in 1895 was never completely overruled by either the Supreme Court of Illinois or the United States Supreme Court (Herman, 1987). Wal-Mart Stores Inc. v. Samara Bros. Inc. (Forensic Evidence) On March 22, 2000, in an agreed decision, the Supreme Court of the United States handed a win to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. It also gave much needed intelligibility for the involved people in the case over a specific dress type and design. In the Wal-Mart Stores Inc. v. Samara Bros. Inc. case, the court held that the plaintiff claimed a trade right following Section 43 (a) of the Lanham Act 2 for product designs that are not registered should provide evidence that the design is unique by showing that it has a secondary meaning as a source’s indication to consumers. The court refused the inherent test for inherent uniqueness raised by the owners of the dress trade in the case, the Clinton Management, and many IP a ssociations. This meant that the tests are unproductive and unworkable in cases dealing with product design and made a decision that product design can by no means be inherently unique; rather, uniqueness must every time be acquired (Lemley et al., 2007). Decision Highlights The court made its decision on the case and the following is a summary: 1. For it to give explanation for the raised question on a particular design of a product to meet the requirements for the trade dress protection in the situation where a registered trademark is non-existent, the court ruled that a petitioner should always avail proof that the design has obtained a secondary meaning. This resolved a tear in the US Circuit Appeal Courts (WAL-MART STORES INC. v. SAMARA BROS. INC). 2. The court

MAC and Physical Layer Enhancements

MAC and Physical Layer Enhancements Abstract Communication technologies have improved a lot since the time we started using radio waves for communicating. We have seen advancement not just in the Cellular side but also on the WiFi side. The availability of limited spectrum has been the issue of the 21st century. As we have improved our technologies from the First generation which was based on analog communication to Fourth Generation which is based on Orthogonal Frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), the free space in the spectrum has also reduced which has created the problems of congestion. We have come to the point where there is a demand for high capacity, better throughput, constant connectivity and high spectral efficiency. To cater this demand, we not only need high-end devices but equally efficient core network. This paper would focus on the converging technology enhancements at Physical and MAC (Media Access Control) layer of the Fifth generation (5G) on the cellular side and 802.11ad on WiFi side. I. Introduction With the increasing number of users, there is a spectral crunch in both the licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Licensed spectrum is the frequency chunk which is bought by the telecom companies, and a company can use its specific frequency band. The technologies in the licensed spectrum are GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), LTE (Long Term Evolution). Unlicensed spectrum is the frequency chunk which is free and can be used by anyone. The technologies used in unlicensed spectrum are Bluetooth, WiFi. The increasing number of users have created the need for finding new spectrums and simultaneously new technologies which can be used to improve the efficacy of both cellular and WiFi communication. New standards i.e. 5G for cellular communication and 802.11ad for WiFi are going to use high-frequency bands which were never used before. This untapped potential is going to be a game changer. It will not just improve the spectral efficiency and th e throughput but will also increase the capacity. Technologies such as 802.11ac and LTE-Advanced (Long term evolution-advanced) could provide data rates as high as 1 Gigabytes per second (Gbps) [5] [6]. Also, LTE-A used 2620-2690 MHz (Mega Hertz), and 802.11ac used 5GHz (Giga Hertz) band for data transfer [1] [5]. 802.11ac and LTE-A employed technologies such as MIMO (multiple input, multiple output), beamforming which helped in achieving necessary throughput and capacity requirements, but now even these enhancements need necessary upgradation and changes to support the ever-increasing demand. Not only this but the cost of the wired backhaul is also a big concern. All these needs must be met in 5G and 802.11ad. The cost of wired backhaul can be reduced by moving towards mm-wave (Millimeter wave) which will not just decrease the cost of backhaul but will also improve the overall throughput [1]. This can be a converging point for the two technologies. 5G will be using frequency band i.e. 28 and 38 GHz, and 802.11ad will be using the 60GHz band which falls in mm-wave frequency band [1] [2]. Directional beamforming will be another addition to both 5G and 802.11ad wherein we will direct the signal towards the intended receiver that will help in reducing the power required [1] [2]. Figure 1. Improvement in performance from 4G to 5G. [8] Figure 1 gives a clarity about the targets which were set after using International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced Standard) i.e. 4G to enhance its performance in case of International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020 Standard) i.e. the 5G standard [8]. II. Physical Layer Enhancements Here are some of the enhancements at the Physical layer of 802.11ad and 5G: 1. Millimeter Wave: (i) Millimeter wave in 802.11ad: Propagation of signal in the 60GHz unlicensed spectrum is different from that of 5GHz and 2.4GHz which were used in previous WiFi protocols. The frequency range in which the 60GHz falls is the Millimeter wave frequency band. Millimeter wave band will allow faster data transfer and will help us in using wireless docking stations. This will reduce the cost of backhaul as we will be removing the wires. The issues with 60GHz spectrum are its smaller range due to high attenuation, as the wavelength is small thus it causes blockage due to concrete walls [2]. We can also see from the figure 2. that the effect of oxygen in the atmosphere at 60GHz is high and causes atmospheric absorption of the millimeter wave. These are some of the limitations of 60 GHz band which are being looked at like the issue of absorption by oxygen can be reduced by using band Figure 2. High Atmospheric absorption at 60GHz. [1] (ii) Millimeter wave in 5G: The proposed band for 5G is 28GHz and 38GHz which falls in the region of millimeter wave. This is going to help in increase the data rate. The proposed data rate is nearly 20Gbps which is nearly 20 times that of 4G [8]. Millimeter waves can travel smaller distances as the wavelength is small which causes high attenuation due to atmospheric absorption. This can be mitigated by using the concept of small cells in our network. Cell size can be up to 200 meters. Figure 3. Attenuation Due to Heavy Rainfall. [1] Figure 3 shows the attenuation due to heavy rainfall of 25 millimeter/hour for a 28GHz band for 1 Kilometer cell size i.e. 7db which will be only 1.4db for a cell size of 200 meter [1]. 2. Beamforming: (i) Directional Beamforming in 802.11ad: In directional beamforming, the signals are directed to the intended receiver. It has been introduced instead of using an omnidirectional antenna which used to send the beam in all the directions reducing the power of the signal. But it is highly impractical to use highly-directional transmissions as there is a high chance of attenuation due to blockages. This can be prevented by using automatic gain control. MAC mechanisms are also affected due to the Highly directional communications such that the devices are not able to know that there is some other communication going on which increases the chances of collision. Golay sequences are used to reduce these chances of collisions. Golay sequences are the complementary sequences and help in synchronization and automatic gain control that in turn helps in attaining a throughput of 27.5Mbps thus making Management frames more efficient. Sum of out-of-phase Autocorrelation coefficients for Golay sequ ences being zero reduces the level of side lobes which in turn helps in reducing the chance of collision [2]. (ii) Adaptive beamforming in 5G: Beamforming is a concept in which we change the specific weights at the antenna level such that we direct the signal to a specific area by concentrating the power in the main lobe and reducing the power of signals in the side lobe. This will increase the throughput and hence will improve the user experience. In adaptive beamforming, the channel is used in an efficient manner which also helps in reducing the issue of interference. This can be achieved by using the concept of scheduling in different base stations. This can be used in a very interesting manner in 5G, and it will also help by improving the coordination between various eNodeBs. Hence the concept of adaptive beamforming will make the 5G network faster and more efficient [9]. 3. MIMO: (i) Multiuser-MIMO (MU-MIMO) in 802.11ad: At physical layer level 802.11ad works in two modes i.e. OFDM and Single carrier mode. MIMO is used for diversity in communication. In multiuser MIMO for 802.11ad, we use a matrix of a minimum of 2X2 (2 receiver antennas and 2 transmitter antennas). We can send signals to 2 or more users at one time with a very high throughput because we are employing OFDM. Previously we were employing only single user-MIMO wherein we used to send multiple signals to only one user. No doubt it gave high speed, but we were not able to use the limited unlicensed spectrum efficiently. Thus, with the advent of Multiuser-MIMO, the problem of low efficiency has been reduced [2] [10]. Figure 4. Block diagram of Transmitter in MIMO [10]. From figure 4 we can see how the data is sent using MIMO technique. Here firstly data is sent to the scrambler. After scrambling the data, it is encoded by the LDPC (low-density parity-check) encoder for tone interleaving. After interleaving the OFDM processed data we apply Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the data. Finally, we add a guard interval to protect the sent data [10]. (ii) Massive MIMO in 5G: 5G will be using massive MIMO technique that will involve a large number of antennas and the number will more than 10 times larger than previous networks. This will not just give a high amount of beamforming gains but will also increase the capacity of the network. But there is a catch here. The increase in a number of streams will increase the overhead of pilot signals, and because of this, we will use some part of our spectrum. Also, there is an increase in the complexity if we use a high number of antennas. The solution to this overhead is that we can use Non-Linear Estimators and small cells which will help in reducing the effect as at high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) the effect of errors in the signal is very less [4]. III. MAC Layer enhancements Here are some of the enhancements at the MAC layer of 802.11ad and 5G: 1. Beamforming Training in 802.11ad: Beamforming training is a part of directional beamforming in which we select a pair of receiver and transmitter sectors so that the network can be optimized and we can get the best coverage. Figure 5. Sector training in Transmitter and Receiver antenna [2]. Figure 5 shows the sector training process. This is done is three phases. In the first step, we try to find the best transmitting antenna. In the second step, the training of only those transmitting and receiving antennas happens for which the transponder thinks are the best for the network. In the third step, various weights for the antennas are adjusted according to the changes in the channel so as to get the maximum level of Signal to Noise Ratio which will thus be able to get the best coverage for the network. Hence the process of Beamforming training for 802.11ad is completed [2] [3] [7]. 2. Contention-Based Medium Access in 802.11ad: In IEEE 802.11 standards, enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) is used for contention-based Medium access. But there is an issue of deafness that arises when we use the contention based medium access and directional beamforming together. This can be reduced by using Beamforming training wherein we select the best transmitter and receiver antenna for the communication. Chances of collisions are increased due to deafness because carrier sensing ability is reduced. Multiple Network allocation vector (NAV) timers are used at the MAC level. Here the channel is allocated only if the NAV is zero and will not be allocated in case the NAV is non-zero. The concept of NAV for the contention window in 802.11 standards has been used previously as well. Using this concept will enhance the capacity and efficiency of 802.11ad and will be different from previous standards as it uses direction beamforming [2]. 3. Dynamic Channel Time Allocation in 802.11ad: Dynamic channel time allocation is a polling based allocation of resources in 802.11ad at the MAC layer. The polling is done not just for one frame but for a specific time chunk of the channel. The issue of deafness is avoided due to personal basic service set (PBSS) control point/access point (PCP/AP) that reduces the chance of a collision as PCP/AP knows the path of transmitting antenna. The process of Dynamic Channel time allocation is explained in Figure 6. It shows the Beacon header interval (BHI) can be used in dynamic scheduling. Firstly, a channel is gained by the PCP/AP for the polling frames that are sent to their respective stations. Service period requests (SPRs) are used to reserve a specific channel time for their respective communication. Communication can be between Station (STA)- STA or STA Access Point (AP). Channel protection points act as the guard time between two allocated channel times adding reliability in communication [2]. Figure 6. Dynamic Channel Time Allocation [2]. 4. Full-Duplex MAC Protocol in 5G: At Physical layer level, Full-Duplex must reduce the use spectrum making the communication efficient. At MAC layer level the protocol must be defined such that it optimizes the network and reduces the chances of collision. The problem of a hidden node due to highly directional communication can also arise just like it used to happen in the case of WiFi standards. We can use the concept of Request to Send / Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) which was used in WiFi standards being a half-duplex communication. For 5G we will be using full-duplex clear-to-send (FCTS) instead of just the CTS which was used in WiFi i.e. a unidirectional communication. Figure 7 shows the channel allocation for communication between Node A and Node B. Firstly RTS is sent from Node A to check if there is the availability of the channel. After that there is a Short Interframe Space (SIFS) for which we need to wait for FCTS from Node B. Now being a bidirectional communication (Full-duplex) an FCTS is sent by Node A as wel l which makes it different from WiFi standards. After another SIFS interval, the channel is allocated, and there is a bi-directional communication between Node A and Node B. After the channel time allocated is complete, there is a small SIFS before ACK (Acknowledgement) which is kept and this ACK shows that the channel has been released [11]. Figure 7. Channel Allocation in Full Duplex 5G between Node A and Node B [11]. 5. Device-to-device communications in 5G: It is currently a part of LTE-A Release 12 of the 3gpp standards. Device to device (D2D) communication will be an inter-communication between the devices that will use 5G. There is no need to route the data from the 5G base station in D2D communication. The devices will use the same spectral resources as the 5G network. Thus, we must optimize the network to meet the requirement of the users. This will improve the spectral efficiency of the network and will increase the capacity as well. For D2D communication the devices should be in proximity. This can be very useful in case of Autonomous vehicles such as driverless cars which can communicate with each other and thus protect the passengers. D2D communication can occur in two ways. The first way is that one of the UE (User) can send a broadcast signal about its availability and what it can offer. The discoverer UE if interested in the characteristics of the broadcasting UE establishes a connection. The second way is that one of the UE will broadcast its requirements and the UE which meets these criteria can establish a connection with this UE [12]. IV. Conclusion This paper has shed light on the most recent enhancements taking place in 802.11ad and 5G. The paper has addressed the issue of spectral crunch and how these two technologies will cope up with this issue in the near future. The enhancements introduced in the paper have opened the way for the two technologies to interoperate such that the user can get 5G connectivity when outside and 802.11ad connectivity when inside their homes. Convergence of these two technologies will be made easy not just at the Physical level but at the MAC level too. At physical layer level, we have seen the use of mm-wave and directional beamforming, and at MAC layer level, we have seen full-duplex communication using RTS/CTS in 5G which will increase convergence.   Hence, the convergence of these two technologies will increase the capacity as a lot of unused spectrum will be released. V. References [1] T. Rappaport, S. Sun, R. Mayzus, and H. Zhao, Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications  for 5G Cellular: It Will Work! IEEE Access, pp. 335-349, 2013. [2] T. Nitsche et al., IEEE 802.11ad: Directional 60 GHz Communication for Multi-Gigabit-per-Second Wi-Fi, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 12, Dec. 2014, pp. 132-41. [3] H. Shokri-Ghadikolaei, C. Fischione, P. Popovski, and M. Zorzi, Design aspects of short-range millimeter-wave networks: A MAC layer perspective, IEEE Netw., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 88-96, May 2016. [4] V. Jungnickel, K. Manolakis, W. Zirwas, B. Panzner, V. Braun, M. Lossow, M. Sternad, R.  Apelfrojd and T. Svensson, The Role of Small Cells, Coordinated Multipoint, and Massive  MIMO in 5G, IEEE Commun. Mag., pp.44-51, May 2014.   [5] R. Van Nee, Breaking the Gigabit-per-second barrier with S02.11AC, IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. IS, pp. 4-4, April 2011. [6] S. Parkvall, et al., LTE-Advanced Evolving LTE Towards IMT-Advanced, in IEEE Proc.  Vehicular Technology Conference, Sept. 2008. [7] E. Perahia and M. X. Gong. Gigabit wireless lans: an overview of IEEE 802.11 ac and  802.11ad. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 15(3):23-33,  2011. [8] M.2083, Recommendation ITU-R, IMT Vision Framework and overall objectives of the  future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond, September 2015. [9] S. Chen, S. Sun, Q. Gao and X. Su, Adaptive Beamforming in TDD-Based Mobile  Communication Systems: State of the Art and 5G Research Directions, in IEEE Wireless  Communications, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 81-87, December 2016. [10] X. Zhu, A. Doufexi, and T. Kocak, Throughput and coverage performance for IEEE  802.11ad millimeter-wave WPANs, in Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 2011  IEEE 73rd, 2011, pp. 1-5. [11] X. Zhang, W. Cheng, and H. Zhang, Full-duplex transmission in PHY and MAC layers for  5g mobile wireless networks, Wireless Communications, IEEE, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 112-121,  2015. [12] Z. Ma, Z. Zhang, Z. Ding, P. Fan, and H. Li, Key techniques for 5G wireless  communications: network architecture, physical layer, and MAC layer perspectives, Sci. China  Inf. Sci., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1-20, 2015.

Effects of the Tet Offensive Essay -- Vietnam War Essays

For nine years, the United States were hell-bent in achieving their rightful victory in Vietnam, however, destiny had different plans for them. The Tet Offensive is considered the turning point of the Vietnam Conflict because of the fact that the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army surprised the U.S and South Vietnam with several sporadic attacks. Consequently, many effects from these attacks were expected, not only for America, but for North and South Vietnam as well. With U.S citizens’ opinions quickly turning against U.S. involvement in Vietnam, South Vietnam faced much disaster. Its government was stricken with humility because of the increased abandonment of their army, leading to the inability to protect its citizens. On the other hand, North Vietnam began accepting great amounts of land along with the power to frighten the rural population. Soon after the Tet Offensive, citizens of the United States began having second opinions about concentrating our troops in Vietnam: â€Å"Within weeks [of the Tet attacks], many average Americans who previously were supporters had turned against the war† (Omicinski 2). A small cluster of Vietcong forces made their way into the compound of the United States embassy located in Saigon, proving to Americans that even though there were hundreds of thousands of soldiers fighting in Vietnam, the U.S. had progressed only slightly (Dudley 131). The people were constantly being told that the conflict would soon end, however, increased need of military assistance had U.S. citizens questioning the veracity of our government. The phrase "credibility gap" surfaced to describe the growing public scepticism (Gerdes 14). This factor led to the government’s loss of support from most of the population. Ano... ...t.edu/central/brush/LocalForces.htm>. Dennison, John D. Tet Offensive of 1968 - A Simpler Version. 24 Aug 2004. 1st Cav Medic Radio Station. 3 May 2007 . Dudley, William. The Vietnam War: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc, 1998. Gerdes, Louise. Examining Political Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War. Greenhaven Press, 2005. Omicinski, John. â€Å"Tet Offensive 30 years ago: A turning point of Last Half-Century.† USA Today. Jan. 31, 1998. SIRS Researcher. Waubonsie Valley H. S. Lib., Aurora, IL. 3 May 2007 . Vietnamization: Lasting Effects On South Vietnam. 1999. StudyWorld. 11 May 2007 . Effects of the Tet Offensive Essay -- Vietnam War Essays For nine years, the United States were hell-bent in achieving their rightful victory in Vietnam, however, destiny had different plans for them. The Tet Offensive is considered the turning point of the Vietnam Conflict because of the fact that the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army surprised the U.S and South Vietnam with several sporadic attacks. Consequently, many effects from these attacks were expected, not only for America, but for North and South Vietnam as well. With U.S citizens’ opinions quickly turning against U.S. involvement in Vietnam, South Vietnam faced much disaster. Its government was stricken with humility because of the increased abandonment of their army, leading to the inability to protect its citizens. On the other hand, North Vietnam began accepting great amounts of land along with the power to frighten the rural population. Soon after the Tet Offensive, citizens of the United States began having second opinions about concentrating our troops in Vietnam: â€Å"Within weeks [of the Tet attacks], many average Americans who previously were supporters had turned against the war† (Omicinski 2). A small cluster of Vietcong forces made their way into the compound of the United States embassy located in Saigon, proving to Americans that even though there were hundreds of thousands of soldiers fighting in Vietnam, the U.S. had progressed only slightly (Dudley 131). The people were constantly being told that the conflict would soon end, however, increased need of military assistance had U.S. citizens questioning the veracity of our government. The phrase "credibility gap" surfaced to describe the growing public scepticism (Gerdes 14). This factor led to the government’s loss of support from most of the population. Ano... ...t.edu/central/brush/LocalForces.htm>. Dennison, John D. Tet Offensive of 1968 - A Simpler Version. 24 Aug 2004. 1st Cav Medic Radio Station. 3 May 2007 . Dudley, William. The Vietnam War: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc, 1998. Gerdes, Louise. Examining Political Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War. Greenhaven Press, 2005. Omicinski, John. â€Å"Tet Offensive 30 years ago: A turning point of Last Half-Century.† USA Today. Jan. 31, 1998. SIRS Researcher. Waubonsie Valley H. S. Lib., Aurora, IL. 3 May 2007 . Vietnamization: Lasting Effects On South Vietnam. 1999. StudyWorld. 11 May 2007 .

nt1330 unit 7 assinment1 Essay

TO: Business Manager FROM: IT Consultant I can understand how you concerned with your company’s security after all information on competitors can be invaluable or very harmful to a company and this is why it must be protected from prying eyes. This does not have to mean that you have to lose production over trying to secure your networks information. An easy measure like user names and passwords can be used to protect less sensitive information but how strong you make those usernames and passwords can have a significant effect on how well your information is protected. I will give you some tips on how to better secure your network with the tools that you already have at hand, keep in mind that you can also buy better security items to better protect you network things like; smart card, finger print scanners, retinal scanners, etc. but I only recommend these for really sensitive information and only for certain users in your company. On the server that is the DC log in to the administrator account and in the Active Directory Users and Computers in the Domain icon in the left pane click on the users icon, you’ll be able to see all of the users in that domain. From here you can click on any user and make changes as necessary, for user names I recommend you use the following format; using capital and lower case letters the first letter of their name, their whole last name and their employee number, ex. â€Å"CCbattle1234@Domain*%#.Local† if someone hack the account and all that they knew the person name and the domain name they could not get in because it is very unlikely that they would know that person employee number and if they do then you have a spy in your company. As for passwords I recommend that they be alpha numeric and what this means is that they should be at least eight characters long, be composed of upper and lower case letters, should contain at least one number and one special characte r. Best Regards,  IT Consultant

Marketing Environment Essay

Marketing is a organizational function and a collection of processes designed to plan for create, communicate, and deliver value to customers and to build effective customer relationship in ways that benefit the organization and its stake holders. Profits and other organizational goals are achieved by creating value for customers. The creation of value is the realization of benefits that exceed the cost of products, services or other items. One important concept in marketing is the idea of utility. Utility is the satisfaction received from owning or consuming a product or service. In a market sense, utility is the value that marketers intend consumers to attach to that marketer’s product or services. A need is a necessity to meet an urgent requirement. A want is a desire for something that is not essential. Furthermore, demand is the financial capacity to buy what a person wants, for that business’s brand of products or services through marketing activities such as advertising. A brand is a promise to deliver to consumers specific benefits associated with products or services. Marketing influences you as a consumer through your current and future career choices, and through the economy. Marketing extends to a variety of tangible and intangible items; they are products, services, people, places, causes, events and ideas. Marketing concept is an organizational philosophy dedicated to understanding and fulfilling consumer needs through the creation of value. Marketing concept mainly focus on customers relationship. Customer relationship created when businesses and consumers interact through a sales transaction of a product or service. It will refer to customer relationship management (CRM). Marketing functions are activities performed within organizations that create value for specific products or services. In terms of understanding all these theory, we started Butterfly Travel Agency Sdn.Bhd to gain experience and knowledge in marketing as practically. Marketing Environment Marketing environment is a set of forces, some controllable and some uncontrollable, that influence the ability of a business to create value and attract and serve customers. Many factors influence value creation and the nature of customer relationships, including factors that are external to the business. Internal marketing is the implementation of marketing practices within an organization to communicate organizational policies to employees and internal stakeholders. Internal marketing efforts are the business’s resources, including human and financial capital. The external environment of a business involves activities, such as supplier and customer actions, that occur outside the organizational functions of a business. External marketing can be implements into microenvironment and macro environment. Microenvironment (Porter’s Five Forces) The microenvironment includes these forces close to a company, yet outside its internal environment, that influence the ability of a business to serve its customers. A tool that helps determine the power of microenvironment of a business is Porter’s Five Forces of competitive Position Model. Porter analysis can assist a business with understanding the potential for new product development the attractiveness of a particular market segment or the potential to reduce costs of supply or distribution among many applications. Macro environment The macro environment includes societal forces that are essentially uncontrollable and influence the microenvironment of a business. The macro environment contains the following variety of sub-environments are economic, social and cultural, competitive, legal, political and technological.

Free Essays on Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria, otherwise known as PKU, is a rare genetic disease that is caused by a person’s body being unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. The disease can cause mental retardation because the build up of phenylalanine in the body. When phenylalanine is not broken down and turned in a different amino acid, tyrosine, it can create other enzyme routes that build up in the blood stream and body tissue. This can be extremely harmful to the body and its development. This disease is caused by missing the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, this enzyme is the one that normally breaks down phenylalanine. It is rare for this enzyme to be completely absence, but this form leads to the most severe mental retardation and neurological problems. Most cases occur when this enzyme is deficient and the amount of phenylalanine is slightly higher than usual amount in the circulatory system of a person. This is called hyperphenylalaninemia.. These disorders are different than norm ! al PKU. (Shuett; McKusick) PKU occurs immediately when a child is born. The child appears to be completely normal, but can have blue eyes and can have fairer skin and hair than the rest of its family members. If PKU is unidentified early in an infants life they can have early symptoms which can be identified. Half of untreated babies while develop symptoms such as vomiting, irritability, an eczema-like rash, and a mousy odor to their urine (Bellenir 69). They can also have nervous system problems. Increased muscle tone, and very active tendon reflexes occur from these problems. Soon after they start to undergo mental problems. These problems are severe mental retardation and seizures among other things. Other indications are a smaller head than usual, prominent cheek and upper jaw bones with widely spaced teeth, poor development of tooth enamel, and decreased body growth(Bellenir 69). PKU is passed on in a â€Å"autosomal recessive† gene. This means that a pers... Free Essays on Phenylketonuria Free Essays on Phenylketonuria Phenylketonuria, otherwise known as PKU, is a rare genetic disease that is caused by a person’s body being unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. The disease can cause mental retardation because the build up of phenylalanine in the body. When phenylalanine is not broken down and turned in a different amino acid, tyrosine, it can create other enzyme routes that build up in the blood stream and body tissue. This can be extremely harmful to the body and its development. This disease is caused by missing the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, this enzyme is the one that normally breaks down phenylalanine. It is rare for this enzyme to be completely absence, but this form leads to the most severe mental retardation and neurological problems. Most cases occur when this enzyme is deficient and the amount of phenylalanine is slightly higher than usual amount in the circulatory system of a person. This is called hyperphenylalaninemia.. These disorders are different than norm ! al PKU. (Shuett; McKusick) PKU occurs immediately when a child is born. The child appears to be completely normal, but can have blue eyes and can have fairer skin and hair than the rest of its family members. If PKU is unidentified early in an infants life they can have early symptoms which can be identified. Half of untreated babies while develop symptoms such as vomiting, irritability, an eczema-like rash, and a mousy odor to their urine (Bellenir 69). They can also have nervous system problems. Increased muscle tone, and very active tendon reflexes occur from these problems. Soon after they start to undergo mental problems. These problems are severe mental retardation and seizures among other things. Other indications are a smaller head than usual, prominent cheek and upper jaw bones with widely spaced teeth, poor development of tooth enamel, and decreased body growth(Bellenir 69). PKU is passed on in a â€Å"autosomal recessive† gene. This means that a pers...